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Headword:
*)/abaci
Adler number: alpha,16
Translated headword: [in/on/with] planks, abacuses
Vetting Status: high
Translation: What we call a)ba/kia.[1] The Lawmaker [says] in the Martyrdom of Saint Thecla: "Tryphaina was overcome by suffering, and was seen lying like the dead on the slabs."[2] So he says.
Greek Original:*)/abaci: toi=s par' h(mi=n legome/nois a)baki/ois. o( *logoqe/ths e)n tw=| th=s a(gi/as *qe/klhs marturi/w|: *tru/faina de\ pa/qei lhfqei=sa nekroi=s o(moi/a pro\s toi=s a)/bacin w(ra=to keime/nh. ou(/tw fhsi/n.
Notes:
This entry occurs after
alpha 17 in ms A (= Parisinus 2625), after
alpha 9 in ms S (= Vaticanus 1296) and in the margin of ms D (Bodleianus Auct. V 52).
[1] The given form is a dative plural of
a)/bac, ("abacus"), and the lexicographer explains it by reference to the diminutive
a)ba/kion. The primary sense is a table topped by a slab, or the slab itself; a "calculator" is a secondary meaning.
[2] Symeon Metaphrastes (also known as the Logothete ('Lawmaker'))
Patrologia Graeca 115.837c. On Thecla, see
theta 102.
Keywords: biography; Christianity; dialects, grammar, and etymology; gender and sexuality; history; mathematics; religion; science and technology; women
Translated by: Anne Mahoney on 22 August 1998@12:53:59.
Vetted by:
Headword:
*)aqh/lunton
Adler number: alpha,725
Translated headword: unwomanish
Vetting Status: high
Translation: [Meaning someone or something] inflexible, hard.
Greek Original:*)aqh/lunton: a)da/maston, sklhro/n.
Notes:
Same entry in
Photius and elsewhere. The headword, masculine/feminine accusative singular or neuter nominative/singular of this two-termination adjective, must be quoted from somewhere; extant possibilities are all late.
Besides the literal meaning there is also an applied one, in Pythagorean mathematical literature: an odd number; see LSJ s.v. at web address 1 below.
Associated internet address:
Web address 1
Keywords: definition; dialects, grammar, and etymology; ethics; gender and sexuality; imagery; mathematics; women
Translated by: Jennifer Benedict on 4 December 1999@15:33:49.
Vetted by:
Headword:
*)/akaina
Adler number: alpha,826
Translated headword: akaina
Vetting Status: high
Translation: [Meaning a] ten-foot measure. It is a rod, by which they goad their cattle, with the Pelasgians having invented this.
Greek Original:*)/akaina: me/tron deka/poun. e)/sti de\ r(a/bdos, di' h(=s kentou=si tou\s bo/as, w(s tw=n *pelasgw=n tou=to eu(ro/ntwn.
Notes:
Same or similar entry in
Photius and other lexica, and cf. also the
scholia to Apollonius Rhodius,
Argonautica 3.1323.
See already under
alpha 825.
Dimensions in
akainai are especially common in the technical treatises of Hero [
Author,
Myth](n), but see also e.g.
Diodorus Siculus 20.91.4 (as conventionally restored) for square akainai.
For the Pelasgians see
pi 934, and generally OCD(4) s.v. (p.1099).
Keywords: daily life; definition; mathematics; poetry; science and technology; zoology
Translated by: Jennifer Benedict on 27 January 2000@22:11:56.
Vetted by:
Headword:
*)ana/logon
Adler number: alpha,1943
Translated headword: proportion, proportionate
Vetting Status: high
Translation: The definition of proportion is this: it has a size proportionate to the reciprocal things which display the same
a)nqufai/resis --
Aristotle's word for a corresponding diminution. Those things which have proportion to one another also are said to be similar to one another.[1]
But
a)na/logon [also] means similarly.
And elsewhere: "the soldiers [were] noble to see, and were proportionate to their equivalent status."[2]
Also [sc. attested is the related adverb]
a)nalo/gws, [meaning] equally. Also [sc. attested is the comparative]
a)nalogw/teron, [meaning] that which is loftier, wiser, more analogical.
Greek Original:*)ana/logon: a)nalo/gou o(rismo/s e)stin ou(=tos: a)na/logon e)/xei mege/qh pro\s a)/llhla, w(=n h( au)th\ a)nqufai/resis. o( de\ *)aristote/lhs th\n a)nqufai/resin a)ntanai/resin ei)/rhke. ta\ d' a)na/logon e)/xonta pro\s a)/llhla kai\ o(moi/ws e)/xein pro\s a)/llhla le/getai. *)ana/logon de\ a)nti\ tou= o(moi/ws. kai\ au)=qis: oi( de\ stratiw=tai gennai=oi o)fqh=nai, kai\ tw=| i)/sw| a)ciw/mati a)nalogou=ntes. kai\ *)analo/gws, i)/sws. kai\ *)analogw/teron, to\ u(yhlo/teron, to\ sofw/teron, to\ a)nalogikw/teron.
Notes:
[1] Alexander of
Aphrodisias,
Commentaries on Aristotle's Topica 545.15-18.
[2] Quotation (transmitted, in Adler's view, via the
Excerpta Constantini Porphyrogeniti) unidentifiable.
Keywords: definition; dialects, grammar, and etymology; historiography; history; mathematics; military affairs; philosophy
Translated by: Jennifer Benedict on 11 May 2001@21:09:29.
Vetted by:
Headword:
*)anaci/mandros
Adler number: alpha,1986
Translated headword: Anaximandros, Anaximander
Vetting Status: high
Translation: Son of Praxiades, Milesian, philosopher, a relative and student and successor of
Thales.[1] He first discovered an equinox and solstices and hour-indicators, and that the earth is situated in the very middle [of the universe]. He also introduced a sundial and explained the basis of all geometry. He wrote
On Nature,
Circuit of the Earth, and
On the Fixed Bodies and
Globe and some other works.
Greek Original:*)anaci/mandros, *pracia/dou, *milh/sios, filo/sofos, suggenh\s kai\ maqhth\s kai\ dia/doxos *qa/lhtos. prw=tos de\ i)shmeri/an eu(=re kai\ tropa\s kai\ w(rologei=a kai\ th\n gh=n e)n mesaita/tw| kei=sqai. gnw/mona/ te ei)sh/gage kai\ o(/lws gewmetri/as u(potu/pwsin e)/deicen. e)/graye *peri\ fu/sews, *gh=s peri/odon, kai\ *peri\ tw=n a)planw=n kai\ *sfai=ran kai\ a)/lla tina/.
Notes:
C6 BCE. See generally OCD(4) p.83.
[1] For whom see
theta 17.
Keywords: biography; chronology; geography; mathematics; philosophy; science and technology
Translated by: Jennifer Benedict on 12 May 2001@10:45:37.
Vetted by:
Headword:
*)anapempa/zein
Adler number: alpha,2000
Translated headword: to ponder, to calculate, to count over
Vetting Status: high
Translation: [Meaning] to go over in the mind, to recollect. It is created from those counting continually and repeatedly with the five fingers of their hand, as if counting by fives [kata\ penta/da].[1]
Also [sc. attested is] a)napempazo/menoi ["they pondering"], [meaning] they counting up, they reckoning.[2]
Greek Original:*)anapempa/zein: a)naneou=sqai, a)namimnh/skesqai. pepoi/htai a)po\ tw=n toi=s pe/nte daktu/lois th=s xeiro\s sunexe\s a)riqmou/ntwn kai\ e)panalambano/ntwn, oi(onei\ kata\ penta/da a)riqmou/ntwn. kai\ *)anapempazo/menoi, a)nariqmou/menoi, skepto/menoi.
Notes:
Same entry in ps.-
Zonaras; similar ones in
Photius (s.v.
a)napempa/zesqai) and
Hesychius (s.v.
a)napempa/zei and
a)napempazo/menoi, on the second of which see below).
[1] The Aeolic form for
pe/nte "five" is
pe/mpe -- both from Indo-European *
penkwe.
[2] This actual form of the present middle participle, the nominative masculine plural, occurs in (and might therefore be quoted here from) Lucian,
Menippus 12. Note however that
Photius s.v. cites
Plato in this context, i.e. accusative
a)napempazome/nous in
Plato,
Laws 724B.
Keywords: aetiology; daily life; definition; dialects, grammar, and etymology; imagery; mathematics; philosophy
Translated by: Jennifer Benedict on 12 October 2000@12:14:42.
Vetted by:
Headword:
*)aciw/mata
Adler number: alpha,2828
Translated headword: axioms
Vetting Status: high
Translation: Thus
Aristotle calls both the propositions requiring demonstration and the indemonstrable ones, as [is] his custom.[1]
Greek Original:*)aciw/mata: ou(/tws le/gei *)aristote/lhs kai\ ta\s deome/nas a)podei/cews prota/seis, kai\ ta\s a)napodei/ktous, w(s e)/qos au)tw=|.
Notes:
See already
alpha 2827 (and cf.
alpha 2825,
alpha 2826).
[1] Alexander of
Aphrodisias,
Commentaries on Aristotle's Topica 547.21-22. In the
Posterior Analytics Aristotle speaks of two types of indemonstrable propositions: (1) the axioms, i.e. those principles that a learner must already have if he or she is willing to learn any scientific discipline (
An.Post. 72a17; see also
Metaphysics 1005a20. These indemonstrable axioms include the general laws of thought, such as the principle of non-contradiction and the law of the excluded middle; see
An.Post. 71a13-14;
Met. 1005b19-20). (2) What
Aristotle understands as the peculiar principles of a scientific discipline, i.e. some items that are proper to each particular science. For instance, arithmetic assumes the existence of units, geometry that of points and lines (
An.Post. 76a37-76b5).
Reference:
J. Barnes, Aristotle, Posterior Analytics. Translated with a Commentary (Oxford 1994)
Keywords: definition; dialects, grammar, and etymology; mathematics; philosophy
Translated by: Jennifer Benedict on 29 November 2000@21:49:30.
Vetted by:
Headword:
*)aparti/an
Adler number: alpha,2929
Translated headword: chattels, household utensils, moveables
Vetting Status: high
Translation: [Meaning] removal/baggage, fulfilment of a completion.[1]
Also [sc. attested is the adverb]
a)partizo/ntws ["precisely,"], [meaning] the [condition of] neither surpassing nor lacking.[2] "For a term is a word which, when analyzed, is uttered precisely."[3]
Also[4] [sc. attested is]
a)partilogi/a ["even number"], a number and reckoning made even [and] complete. Thus
Lysias [sc. uses the word].[5] But
Herodotus [in book] seven [sc. also uses the word]. Xerxes says to Pythios the Lydian: "so that the four million [staters] shall not lack seven thousand".[6]
Greek Original:*)aparti/an: a)poskeuh\n, te/los a)partismou=. kai\ *)apartizo/ntws, to\ mh/te u(perba/llein mh/te e)ndei=n. o(/ros ga/r e)sti lo/gos kat' a)na/lusin a)partizo/ntws e)kfero/menos. kai\ *)apartilogi/a, a)phrtisme/nos kai\ plh/rhs a)riqmo\s kai\ lo/gos. ou(/tws *lusi/as. *(hro/dotos de\ z#. le/gei de\ *ce/rchs pro\s *pu/qion to\n *ludo/n: i(/na mh/ toi e)pideei=s w)=sin ai( tetrako/siai muria/des e(pta\ xilia/dwn.
Notes:
[1] =
Synagoge alpha731;
Photius,
Lexicon alpha2264. The headword, evidently quoted from somewhere, is in the accusative case. See also
Hesychius alpha5817:
a)parti/an: meta/basin, a)poskeuh/n, te/los, a)partismo/n. Latte in his edition of
Hesychius suggests
Numbers 31:18
LXX as a source.
[2] Alexander of
Aphrodisias,
Commentaries on Aristotle's Topica 43.1 Wallies.
[3]
Diogenes Laertius 7.60, quoting Antipater's first book
On Terms; cf.
alpha 1951,
omicron 627.
[4] The remainder of the entry is abridged from Harpokration s.v.
[5]
Lysias fr.28 Sauppe (now 33 Carey), from the lost speech
In Reply to Aresandros.
[6]
Herodotus 7.29.2. The noun
a)partilogi/h occurs in the clause following the one quoted here. See web address 1.
Associated internet address:
Web address 1
Keywords: biography; definition; dialects, grammar, and etymology; economics; historiography; mathematics; philosophy; rhetoric
Translated by: Jennifer Benedict on 25 December 2000@16:06:29.
Vetted by:
Headword:
*)/aposon
Adler number: alpha,3537
Translated headword: non-quantitative
Vetting Status: high
Translation: [Meaning] that which is without measure.[1] But a)/pwson [spelled] with an omega [means] repel![2]
Greek Original:*)/aposon: to\ a)/metron. *)/apwson de\ dia\ tou= w mega/lou, to\ e)/kpemyon.
Notes:
[1] Comparably, according to Adler, in the
Ambrosian Lexicon.
[2] See again at
alpha 3676.
Keywords: definition; dialects, grammar, and etymology; philosophy; religion
Translated by: Jennifer Benedict on 3 June 2001@19:41:59.
Vetted by:
Headword:
*)ariqmw=
Adler number: alpha,3880
Translated headword: I count
Vetting Status: high
Translation: [Used] with an accusative.[1]
Also [sc. attested is the participle] a)riqmou=nta ["him counting"], [meaning him] assigning. "And counting some men to the bodyguards/spear-carriers".[2]
The Pythagoreans gave a name to every number. The number adds up to ten. Ten [is] the sum of the four [numbers]. And because of this they used to call the whole number tetraktys [four-sum].[3]
Greek Original:*)ariqmw=: ai)tiatikh=|. kai\ *)ariqmou=nta, katata/ttonta. kai\ a)riqmou=nta/ tinas toi=s dorufo/rois. o(/ti oi( *puqago/reioi pa/nta a)riqmo\n proshgo/reuon. o( de\ a)riqmo\s sumplhrou=tai toi=s de/ka. o( de\ de/ka su/nqesis tw=n d#. kai\ dia\ tou=to to\n a)riqmo\n pa/nta tetraktu\n e)/legon.
Notes:
[1] Likewise in syntactical lexica.
[2] Quotation unidentifiable.
[3] That is, 1+2+3+4=10. (This material comes from
tau 394.)
Keywords: biography; definition; dialects, grammar, and etymology; mathematics; military affairs; philosophy; science and technology
Translated by: Jennifer Benedict on 24 July 2001@23:32:59.
Vetted by:David Whitehead (modified translation; added note and keywords; cosmetics) on 25 July 2001@04:38:01.
David Whitehead (more keywords; betacode and other cosmetics) on 12 April 2012@03:25:51.
David Whitehead on 31 August 2015@04:42:34.
Headword:
*(armatwli/a
Adler number: alpha,3971
Translated headword: chariot-driving
Vetting Status: high
Translation: [Meaning] the driving of chariots. "And they have been nibbling at the [sc. calendric] cycle by chariot-driving."[1] Meaning sparing the chariots themselves.
But harmatrochia ["chariot-wheel track"] [is] the furrow of the chariot. There is also hamatrochia.[2]
Greek Original:*(armatwli/a: h( tw=n a(rma/twn h(nioxei/a. kai\ tou= ku/klou pare/tragon u(f' a(rmatwli/as. a)nti\ tou= feido/menoi tw=n a(rma/twn au)tw=n. *(armatroxi/a de\ h( e)gxa/racis tou= a(/rmatos. e)/sti kai\ *(amatroxi/a.
Notes:
[1]
Aristophanes,
Peace 415 (web address 1 below). The next sentence in the gloss is a scholium to this line (which would have done better to comment on e.g. the pun on
a(rmatwli/a and
a(martwli/a ("failure") and generally to explain this allusion to recent calendar reforms in
Athens). Again at
pi 576.
[2] As is implicit here, and already explicit at
alpha 1509, the Suda regards these two words as synonyms. This was an oddly common error: see LSJ under
a(matroxi/a, which actually meant "driving side by side".
Associated internet address:
Web address 1
Keywords: athletics; chronology; comedy; definition; mathematics; science and technology; zoology
Translated by: Jennifer Benedict on 30 July 2001@11:54:20.
Vetted by:
Headword:
*)arourai/a
ma/ntis
Adler number: alpha,3990
Translated headword: field mantis
Vetting Status: high
Translation: [sc. A proverbial phrase] in reference to those who are sluggish and ineffectual. There is a clumsy locust, green, called a mantis, whose movements some heed and [thereby] prophesy.[1]
The aroura[2] contains 50 feet.[3]
Greek Original:*)arourai/a ma/ntis: e)pi\ tw=n nwqrw=n kai\ a)pra/ktwn. e)/sti de\ a)kri\s duski/nhtos, xlwra\, kaloume/nh ma/ntis, h(=s tines prose/xontes tai=s kinh/sesi manteu/ontai. o(/ti h( a)/roura e)/xei po/das n#.
Notes:
Appendix Proverbiorum 1.40 (and elsewhere).
[1] The praying mantis (Mantis religiosa); again at
mu 169.
[2] An Egyptian land-measure.
[3] cf.
sigma 981.
Keywords: agriculture; daily life; ethics; geography; mathematics; proverbs; religion; science and technology; zoology
Translated by: Jennifer Benedict on 29 July 2001@18:13:01.
Vetted by:
Headword:
*)/artia
Adler number: alpha,4036
Translated headword: even, exact
Vetting Status: high
Translation: [Meaning things that are] fitted, complete, sound. These things are also said to be "joined" [
a)/rmena].[1]
Also [sc. attested is the related verb]
a)rtia/zein, [meaning] to play at odds or evens [
a)/rtia]. "We play at odds and evens with staters."
Aristophanes [sc. says this].[2]
Also [sc. attested is the adverb]
a)rtia/kis ["an even number of times"].[3]
[An example of] an "even" number is 32, but an "even-odd" [
a)rtiope/rittos] [number is one which] when halved [turns] straight into an odd number, like 14. For the half of this [is] seven.[4]
Greek Original:*)/artia: h(rmosme/na, te/leia, u(gih=. le/getai de\ tau=ta kai\ a)/rmena. kai\ *)artia/zein, to\ pai/zein a)/rtia h)\ peritta/. stath=rsi d' a)rtia/zomen. *)aristofa/nhs. kai\ *)artia/kis. *)/artios a)riqmo\s o( lb#, *)artiope/rittos de\ o( dixotomou/menos eu)qe/ws ei)s perisso\n a)riqmo/n, oi(=on o( tw=n id#. tou/tou ga\r to\ h(/misu e(pta/.
Notes:
[1] Same or similar glossing in other lexica, including Apollonius'
Homeric Lexicon, and cf. also the
scholia to
Homer,
Iliad 5.326, where this neuter plural occurs.
[2]
Aristophanes,
Wealth [
Plutus] 816, abridged (web address 1 below); cf.
sigma 1009.
[3] First in
Plato,
Parmenides 143E and 144A.
[4] cf.
pi 1278 perissa/ "odd."
Associated internet address:
Web address 1
Keywords: comedy; daily life; definition; dialects, grammar, and etymology; epic; mathematics; philosophy
Translated by: Jennifer Benedict on 17 August 2001@04:40:07.
Vetted by:David Whitehead (added notes and keywords; cosmetics) on 17 August 2001@06:29:56.
Catharine Roth (inserted betacode, added cross-reference) on 3 June 2004@02:38:12.
Catharine Roth (changed keyword) on 29 September 2005@11:20:44.
David Whitehead (augmented notes and keywords; tweaks and cosmetics) on 13 April 2012@06:12:27.
Catharine Roth (coding) on 29 March 2015@23:49:22.
Catharine Roth (tweaked link) on 9 November 2015@00:14:27.
Headword:
*xi/lia
Adler number: chi,304
Translated headword: thousand
Vetting Status: high
Translation: A number.
Greek Original:*xi/lia: o( a)riqmo/s.
Note:
Keywords: definition; dialects, grammar, and etymology; mathematics
Translated by: David Whitehead on 29 April 2003@08:56:40.
Vetted by:
Headword:
*xosro/hs
Adler number: chi,418
Translated headword: Chosroes, Khosrau, Khosraw
Vetting Status: high
Translation: The Persians' king. "They praise him and they wonder at his merit -- not [only] the Persians, but even some of the Romans -- since (they say) he was a lover of literature and came to mastery of our philosophy, when the Greek writings had been translated for him into the Persian language by someone. And therefore they say that he gulped down all of the Stageirite[1] even more eagerly than the Paeanian did the son of Oloros,[2] and was totally obsessed with the teachings of
Plato the son of Ariston[3] and nor could the
Timaeus[4] elude him, even though it is very much embellished with geometrical speculation and investigates the movements of nature, and neither could the
Phaedo[5] or the
Gorgias[6] [elude him], nor indeed did any other of the sophisticated and more difficult dialogues, like the
Parmenides.[7] But I,"
Agathias says, "would never have believed that he had such an excellent education and this consummate attainment. For how would it have been possible for that purity of ancient words, free and suited and completely fit to the nature of things to have been preserved in a unrefined and discordant language? How could a man who was exalted[8] from childhood by royal pomp and a great deal of flattery, who had a very barbaric[9] lifestyle, who was always on the lookout for wars and conspiracies, how could a man who was set on such a course of life [be supposed] to derive enjoyment from and be trained in these teachings? Therefore, if one should praise him, although he was a king and a Persian, concerned with so many peoples and matters, because he nevertheless desired to enjoy literature somehow or other and to be exalted in his reputation for these things,[10] then even I myself would praise the man and consider him greater than the other barbarians. But as many as go too far in calling him 'wise' and all but superior to those who ever practiced philosophy anywhere, [saying] that he knew the principles and causes of every art and discipline ... those men would be caught straying far from the truth and following only the rumour of the masses."
Greek Original:*xosro/hs: o( *persw=n basileu/s. u(mnou=sin au)to\n kai\ a)/gantai pe/ra th=s a)ci/as mh\ o(/ti oi( *pe/rsai, a)lla\ kai\ e)/nioi tw=n *(rwmai/wn, w(s lo/gwn e)rasth\n kai\ filosofi/as th=s par' h(mi=n e)s a)/kron e)lqo/nta, metabeblhme/nwn au)tw=| u(po/ tou e)s th\n *persi/da fwnh\n tw=n *(ellhnikw=n suggramma/twn. kai\ toi/nun fasi/n, o(/ti dh\ o(/lon to\n *stageiri/thn katapiw\n ei)/h ma=llon h)\ o( r(h/twr o( *paianieu\s to\n *)olw/rou, tw=n te *pla/twnos tou= *)ari/stwnos a)nape/plhstai dogma/twn, kai\ ou)/te o( *ti/maios au)to\n a)podra/seien a)/n, ei) kai\ sfo/dra grammikh=| qewri/a| pepoi/kiltai, kai\ ta\s th=s fu/sews a)nixneu/ei kinh/seis, ou)/te o( *fai/dwn ou)/te o( *gorgi/as, ou)menou=n ou)de\ a)/llos tis tw=n glafurw=n kai\ a)gkulwte/rwn dialo/gwn, o(poi=os o( *parmeni/dhs. e)gw\ de/, fhsi\n *)agaqi/as, ou(/tws au)to\n a)/rista e)/xein paidei/as, kai\ tau=ta th=s a)krota/ths, ou)k a)/n pote oi)hqei/hn. pw=s me\n ga\r oi(=o/n te h)=n to\ a)kraifne\s e)kei=no tw=n palaiw=n o)noma/twn, e)leuqe/rion kai\ pro/s ge th=| tw=n pragma/twn fu/sei pro/sforo/n te kai\ e)pikairo/taton, a)gri/a| tini\ glw/tth| kai\ a)mousota/th| a)poswqh=nai; pw=s de\ a)nh\r basilei/w| tu/fw| e)k pai/dwn kai\ kolakei/a| pollh=| gegannume/nos di/aita/n te laxw\n e)s o(/ti baruta/thn kai\ pro\s pole/mous a)ei\ kai\ parata/ceis o(rw=san, pw=s dh\ ou)=n w(=de biou\s e)/melle me/ga ti kai\ lo/gou a)/cion e)n toi=sde a)po/nasqai toi=s dida/gmasi kai\ e)naskhqh=nai; ei) me\n ou)=n e)painoi/h tis au)to/n, o(/ti dh\ basileu/s ge w)\n kai\ *pe/rshs, e)qnw=n te tosou/twn kai\ pra/cewn me/lon au)tw=|: o( de\ e)fi/eto gou=n o(/mws a)mhge/ph a)pogeu/esqai lo/gwn, kai\ th=| peri\ tau=ta ga/nnusqai do/ch|: cunepaine/saimi a)\n kai\ e)/gwge to\n a)/ndra kai\ mei/zona qei/hn tw=n a)/llwn barba/rwn. o(/soi de\ li/an au)to\n sofo\n a)pokalou=si kai\ mononouxi\ tou\s o(/poi pote\ pefilosofhko/tas u(perballo/menon, w(s kai\ a(pa/shs te/xnhs te kai\ e)pisth/mhs ta\s a)rxa\s kai\ ai)ti/as diaginw/skein, e)kei=noi a)\n ma/lista fwraqei=en ou) tw=n a)lhqw=n e)stoxasme/noi, mo/nh| de\ th=| tw=n pollw=n e(po/menoi fh/mh|.
Notes:
Chosroes I (Persian
Anushirvan), the twentieth Sassanid king of Persia who ruled 531-579; cf. PLRE IIIa s.v. Chosroes I Anoushirvan. The bulk of this entry, after the initial gloss, quotes
Agathias,
Histories 2.28; cf. Frendo (62-63).
[1]
Aristotle (
alpha 3929), who was from Stageira (
sigma 977).
[2] That is,
Demosthenes (
delta 454,
delta 455) and
Thucydides (
theta 414). The influence of
Thucydides' style on
Demosthenes is readily apparent.
[3] For
Plato see
pi 1707.
[4]
Plato's dialogues generally take their names from the man whom Socrates interrogates.
Timaeus was a mathematician and philosopher of the Pythagorean school: see
tau 601. The dialogue contains discussions of the order and laws of the physical universe and on the ultimate unknowability of the gods.
[5] Phaedo was a pupil of Socrates: see
phi 154. The dialogue recounts the last hours of Socrates' life and his beliefs about the transmigration of souls.
[6]
Gorgias of
Leontinoi was a rhetor, often called a "sophist": see
gamma 388. The dialogue sees Socrates arguing that the power of rhetoric creates belief without supporting knowledge.
[7]
Parmenides was a disciple of one of the Ionian schools: see
pi 675. The dialogue sees Socrates and
Parmenides debating the existence of Platonic Forms.
[8] The text of
Agathias has
geganwme/nos; the Suda substitutes
gegannume/nos.
[9] The text of
Agathias has
barbarikwta/thn ("barbaric"); the Suda substitutes
baruta/thn ("serious").
[10] Quoted also at
mu 533.
References:
J.R. Martindale, The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, vol. IIIa, (Cambridge, 1992)
J.D. Frendo, trans., Agathias: The Histories, (Berlin 1975)
Keywords: biography; dialects, grammar, and etymology; ethics; geography; historiography; history; mathematics; military affairs; philosophy; politics; rhetoric; science and technology
Translated by: Jennifer Benedict on 3 April 2008@05:00:21.
Vetted by:Catharine Roth (tweaked translation, added keyword, set status) on 3 April 2008@11:41:35.
David Whitehead (more keywords; tweaked note numbers and other cosmetics) on 4 April 2008@03:09:05.
Catharine Roth (tweaked translation, added cross-reference) on 14 May 2009@11:54:42.
David Whitehead (another keyword; tweaking) on 12 November 2013@08:35:23.
Catharine Roth (coding) on 19 February 2015@00:47:12.
Ronald Allen (added bibliography; fixed cross-reference n.1, added cross-reference) on 8 October 2023@20:32:05.
Headword:
*xrw=ma
Adler number: chi,539
Translated headword: color
Vetting Status: high
Translation: Whenever the crystalline of the eye is colored as a result of a certain affection, it seems to us that the air and the other visible things have been colored with the same color. [...] He says that the visible, what by itself exists in the domain of the visible, is color, and says that surface is what is visible by itself.[1] Surface is visible by itself, although not such as [something] is by itself on account of definition. For [the expression] 'by itself' is double [in its meaning]: either it is that which is taken in the definition of the subject, such as 'animal' and 'rational' in the definition of man (for these belong by themselves to man), or that whose subject is taken in the definition, such as number in the definition of odd and even,[2] and nose in the definition of snubness.[3] For these belong by themselves to the definition. Now, it is not thus that he says that surface is visible by itself, but insofar as it contains in itself the cause of being visible. And this is color, for the color existing in surface is what is visible, and this is what the eyes perceive [...] the color existing in volume. For in the case of transparent stones, even though we think we see them colored through the whole volume, we are deceived with regard to our eyes. For the eyes or [rather] the activities of colors, because the stones are transparent, pass through their depth. And we perceive the stones through the color existing in their surface. This is why we also think we have seen the color existing in the depth.
The Pisidian [writes]: "these things are not decorated for the sake of gratification; all the arguments of truth are simple."[4]
On color, search in the [entry] 'gray'.[5]
Greek Original:*xrw=ma: o(/ti o(phni/ka to\ krustalloeide\s tou= o)fqalmou= a)po/ tinos pa/qous xrwmatisqh=|, dokou=men tw=| au)tw=| xrw/mati kai\ to\n a)e/ra kai\ ta\ a)/lla o(rata\ kexrw=sqai. *xrw=ma de/ fhsin o(rato\n to\ e)pi\ tou= kaq' au(to\ u(pa/rxon o(ratou=: kaq' au(to\ de\ o(rato/n fhsi th\n e)pifa/neian. kaq' au(to\ de\ o(rato\n h( e)pifa/neia, ou)x ou(/tws, w(s tw=| o(rismw=| kaq' au(to/: ditto\n ga\r to\ kaq' au(to/. h)\ o(/per e)n tw=| o(rismw=| tou= u(pokeime/nou paralamba/netai, w(s to\ zw=|on, kai\ to\ logiko\n e)n tw=| o(rismw=| tou= a)nqrw/pou [tau=ta ga\r kaq' au(to\ u(pa/rxei tw=| a)nqrw/pw|]: h)\ ou(= e)n tw=| o(rismw=| to\ u(pokei/menon paralamba/netai, w(s e)n tw=| o(rismw=| tou= a)rti/ou h)\ tou= perittou= o( a)riqmo/s: kai\ e)n tw=| o(rismw=| th=s simo/thtos h( r(i/s. tau=ta ga\r kaq' au(to\ u(pa/rxousi tw=| o(rismw=|. ou)x ou(/tws ou)=n fhsi kaq' au(to\ o(rato\n th\n e)pifa/neian, a)ll' w(s e)/xousan e)n e(auth=| to\ ai)/tion tou= o(rato\n ei)=nai. tou=to de/ e)sti to\ xrw=ma: to\ ga\r e)n th=| e)pifanei/a| xrw=ma tou=to/ e)sti to\ o(rato/n, kai\ tou/tou ai( o)/yeis a)ntilamba/nontai, ... tou= e)n ba/qei xrw/matos: tou\s ga\r diafanei=s tw=n li/qwn ei) kai\ dokou=men o(ra=n di' o(/lou tou= ba/qous kexrwsme/nous, ta\s o)/yeis a)patw/meqa. tw=| me\n ga\r diafanei=s ei)=nai tou\s li/qous diabai/nousi dia\ tou= ba/qous ai( o)/yeis h)\ tw=n xrwma/twn ai( e)ne/rgeiai. dia\ tou= xrw/matos de\ tou= e)n th=| e)pifanei/a| tw=n li/qwn a)ntilambano/meqa: kai\ dia\ tou=to dokou=men kai\ to\ e)n ba/qei xrw=ma e(wrake/nai. kai\ *pisi/dhs: ou)k e)/sti tau=ta pro\s xa/rin kexrwsme/na: a(ploi= de\ pa/ntes th=s a)lhqei/as lo/goi. zh/tei peri\ xrw/matos e)n tw=| faio/n.
Notes:
The first and principal section of this entry is taken (with slight variations) from John
Philoponus,
On Aristotle's de anima 293.2-3 and 320.6-26.
For the headword see already
chi 538.
[1] See
Aristotle,
de anima 418a29-30.
[2] cf.
Aristotle,
Posterior Analytics 84a12 ff.
[3] cf.
Aristotle,
Metaphysics 1030b17-19, 1037a31, 1064a25.
[4] George of
Pisidia,
Persian Expedition 3.37.
[5]
phi 179; see also
phi 178.
Keywords: definition; imagery; mathematics; medicine; philosophy; poetry; science and technology
Translated by: Marcelo Boeri on 10 May 2003@16:07:49.
Vetted by:
Headword:
*xoi/nikes
Adler number: chi,590
Translated headword: choinix, choenix
Vetting Status: high
Translation: The noun means not only the measure [sc. of that name], but also fetters.[1]
Choinikes are fetters of a certain kind; a choinix [is] anything rounded. Hence also the measure is named a choinix.
Aristophanes in
Plutus [writes]: "your shins are crying out, woe woe, craving the choinikes and the fetters."[2]
Greek Original:*xoi/nikes: ou) mo/non to\ me/tron, a)lla\ kai\ ta\s pe/das shmai/nei to\ o)/noma. ai( xoi/nikes pe/dai tine/s ei)si: xoi=nic de\ pa=n perifere/s. dio\ kai\ to\ me/tron xoi=nic kalei=tai. *)aristofa/nhs *plou/tw|: ai( knh=mai de/ sou bow=sin, i)ou\ i)ou/, ta\s xoi/nikas kai\ ta\s pe/das poqou=sai.
Notes:
For this nominative plural headword see also
chi 591. LSJ s.v. notes the two senses of it mentioned here as nos. I and II (of three).
[1] Similar comments in
Hesychius and other lexica.
[2]
Aristophanes,
Plutus [
Wealth] 275-6 (web address 1), with comment from the
scholia to 276.
Associated internet address:
Web address 1
Keywords: clothing; comedy; definition; dialects, grammar, and etymology; law; mathematics; science and technology; trade and manufacture
Translated by: David Whitehead on 4 April 2008@09:18:59.
Vetted by:
Headword:
*xoi/nikes
Adler number: chi,591
Translated headword: choinix, choenix
Vetting Status: high
Translation: [Meaning the units] by which Egyptians measure [time-]periods.[1] "The category of supremely contemplative souls [is] rarer than that of the choinix, by which Egyptians measure [time-]periods; the likes of Amous and Antonios".[2]
Greek Original:*xoi/nikes: oi(=s ta\s perio/dous metrou=sin *ai)gu/ptioi. spaniw/teron de\ to\ ge/nos tw=n qewrhtikwta/twn yuxw=n h)\ to\ tou= xoi/nikos, w(=| ta\s perio/dous metrou=sin *ai)gu/ptioi: oi(=os h)=n *)amou=s kai\ *)antw/nios.
Notes:
For this nominative plural headword see already
chi 590. The present entry stems from a confusion between two Greek words which differ only in their initial consonant, choinix and (what it should be) phoinix; cf. under
phi 798.
[1] The glossing phrase is taken from the quotation given.
[2]
Synesius,
Dio 9 (PG.66.1137a). For Amous and Antonios see
alpha 1632.
Keywords: biography; Christianity; chronology; definition; geography; mathematics; philosophy; rhetoric; science and technology; trade and manufacture; zoology
Translated by: David Whitehead on 4 April 2008@09:35:11.
Vetted by:
Headword:
*dareikou/s
Adler number: delta,72
Translated headword: Darics
Vetting Status: high
Translation: It was a gold currency, which Darius first devised.[1]
When Xerxes sent an envoy to him and offered him three thousand Darics, [
Aristides] said that he had no use for Persian wealth, living the life he did. He happened to be serving low-grade bread.[2]
The army of this Darius was counted, and apart from the navy 700,000 were found together with the cavalry. Against the Scythians 600 ships were assembled.[3]
Greek Original:*dareikou/s: no/misma/ ti h)=n xrusou=n, o(/per *darei=os prw=tos e)peno/hsen. o(/ti *ce/rchs w(s au)to\n presbeusame/nou *)aristei/dou kai\ trisxili/ous dareikou\s au)tw=| dido/ntos, ou)de\n e)pistre/fesqai e)/fh tou= *persikou= plou/tou toiau/th| xrw/menos diai/th|. e)/tuxe de\ ou)k e)pimelh= to\n a)/rton prosfero/menos. tou/tou tou= *darei/ou h)riqmh/qh o( strato/s, kai\ eu(re/qhsan muria/des xwri\s tou= nautikou= su\n i(ppeu=sin o#. ne/es de\ e(cako/siai sunele/ghsan e)pi\ *sku/qas.
Notes:
The headword is accusative plural. See also
delta 73.
[1] Likewise in other lexica.
[2] For this story see already
alpha 3903.
[3] cf.
Herodotus 4.87.1 (web address 1).
Associated internet address:
Web address 1
Keywords: biography; chronology; daily life; definition; dialects, grammar, and etymology; economics; ethics; food; geography; history; mathematics; military affairs; science and technology; trade and manufacture
Translated by: James L. P. Butrica â on 25 February 2000@13:35:29.
Vetted by:David Whitehead (supplied headword; modified translation; added note and keywords) on 25 March 2001@09:14:56.
David Whitehead (added keyword) on 10 September 2003@08:31:28.
Catharine Roth (cosmetics; fixed wrong note number noticed by Andrew Smith) on 10 October 2004@19:07:12.
Catharine Roth (added link) on 10 October 2004@19:09:45.
David Whitehead (another keyword) on 10 November 2005@10:41:40.
David Whitehead (augmented notes and keywords; cosmetics) on 14 June 2012@06:57:14.
Catharine Roth (upgraded link) on 15 June 2012@12:42:19.
Headword:
*dekatai=os
Adler number: delta,180
Translated headword: for ten days; ten days old
Vetting Status: high
Translation: [Meaning] tenth.
Greek Original:*dekatai=os: de/katos.
Note:
Same entry, according to Adler, in the Ambrosian Lexicon -- but the attested meanings of the headword do not bear out this equivalence: see LSJ s.v.
Keywords: chronology; definition; mathematics
Translated by: Jennifer Benedict on 24 July 2002@11:10:22.
Vetted by:
Headword:
*deka/xoia
Adler number: delta,188
Translated headword: tenfold
Vetting Status: high
Translation: [Meaning] ten times.
Greek Original:*deka/xoia: dekapla/sia.
Note:
Same or very similar entry in other lexica; the headword deka/xoia is otherwise unattested.
Keywords: definition; dialects, grammar, and etymology; mathematics
Translated by: Jennifer Benedict on 24 July 2002@11:53:50.
Vetted by:
Headword:
*diabh/ths
Adler number: delta,507
Translated headword: compass
Vetting Status: high
Translation: The compass [is] an instrument, useful for many crafts, [which is shaped] rather like the letter l[ambda]. By inserting one half of this instrument and moving the other half around, they make circles.[1]
The name also refers to the thing which shows the time.[2]
Greek Original:*diabh/ths. e)rgalei=on o( diabh/ths, eu)/xrhstos te/xnais pollai=s, tw=| l stoixei/w| pareoikw/s. tou/tou to\ e(\n me/ros e)ntiqe/ntes, to\ de\ e(/teron peria/gontes ku/klous poiou=si. shmai/nei de\ kai\ o)/noma kairou= parastatiko/n.
Notes:
[1] From a scholion on
Aristophanes,
Clouds 178, where the headword occurs (web address 1).
[2] This last sentence presumably refers to the gnomon of a sundial (
gamma 346).
Associated internet address:
Web address 1
Keywords: comedy; definition; mathematics; science and technology; trade and manufacture
Translated by: Nicholas Wilshere on 16 October 2004@14:52:55.
Vetted by:
Headword:
*dia/metros
Adler number: delta,653
Translated headword: diameter
Vetting Status: high
Translation: A kind of geometrical [term].
Eunapius [writes]: "as in accordance with certain diameters, horns extend the tongue to the clashing contacts of the points."[1]
But[2]
Dinarchus calls the residue from something that has been fairly measured out a "diametron."[3]
Greek Original:*dia/metros: gewmetriko/n ti ei)=dos. *eu)na/pios: w(s kata/ tinas diame/trous kerai/as kexiw=sqai th\n glw=ttan tai=s a)ntitu/pois sumbolai=s tw=n a)ki/dwn. *dei/narxos de\ dia/metron le/gei to\ e)llei=pon a)po\ tou= dikai/ws metrhqe/ntos.
Notes:
[1]
Eunapius fr. 100 FHG (= 272.19-20 Dindorf); but these words also appear in Theophylact Simocatta,
Histories 2.6.2, as de Boor pointed out.
[2] The source now becomes Harpokration s.v.
[2]
Dinarchus fr. XIX.3 Conomis.
Reference:
C. de Boor, "Suidas und die Konstantinsche Exzerptsammlung I." Byzantinische Zeitschrift 21 (1912) 418 n.2
Keywords: definition; historiography; history; imagery; mathematics; military affairs; rhetoric; science and technology
Translated by: David Whitehead on 19 October 2000@06:07:50.
Vetted by:
Headword:
*dikai/arxos
Adler number: delta,1062
Translated headword: Dikaiarkhos, Dicaearchus
Vetting Status: high
Translation: Son of Pheidias, Sicilian, from the city of Messene.[1] Pupil[2] of
Aristotle. Philosopher and rhetorician and geometrician. [He wrote] [3]
Measurements of the Mountains in the Peloponnese[4];
Life of Hellas in 3 books.[5]
This man wrote the
Constitution of the Spartans; and a law was enacted in Lakedaimon that each year the story should be read out in the archive of the Ephors and that the men of youthful age should listen. And this persisted for a long time.[6]
Greek Original:*dikai/arxos, *feidi/ou, *sikeliw/ths, e)k po/lews *messh/nhs, *)aristote/lous a)kousth/s, filo/sofos kai\ r(h/twr kai\ gewme/trhs. *katametrh/seis tw=n e)n *peloponnh/sw| o)rw=n, *(ella/dos bi/on e)n bibli/ois g#. ou(=tos e)/graye th\n politei/an *spartiatw=n: kai\ no/mos e)te/qh e)n *lakedai/moni kaq' e(/kaston e)/tos a)naginw/skesqai to\n lo/gon ei)s to\ tw=n *)efo/rwn a)rxei=on, tou\s de\ th\n h(bhtikh\n e)/xontas h(liki/an a)kroa=sqai. kai\ tou=to e)kra/tei me/xri pollou=.
Notes:
OCD(4) s.v. '
Dicaearchus' (p.447), by C.B.R. Pelling.
One of the giants of Hellenistic geography, perhaps the most immediately relevant predecessor to
Eratosthenes (so
Strabo, anyway).
[1] Modern Messina.
[2] Literally 'listener', 'hearer'. Dikaiarkhos' floruit is placed c.320-300 BC.
[3] Only a selection of his writings are specified here; for the full range see the bibliography cited below.
[4] Apart from
Strabo, who mentions Dikaiarkhos by name about a dozen times, the main source for the mountain measuring (with reference to instruments) is
Theon of
Smyrna,
On the Mathematical Knowledge Useful for Reading Plato, 3.3.
[5] This '
Life of Greece' was a history of world culture.
[6]
Dicaearchus 2 Mirhady.
References:
RE suppl. xi. 526-34.
Kleine Pauly, ii. 19-21.
D.C. Mirhady, "Dicaearchus of Messana: The Sources, Text and Translation," in W. Fortenbaugh and E. Schütrumpf (eds), Dicaearchus of Messana: Text, Translation, and Discussion, 2000, 1-142.
Keywords: biography; constitution; geography; history; law; mathematics; philosophy; rhetoric
Translated by: D. Graham J. Shipley on 18 April 2001@07:02:11.
Vetted by:
Headword:
*dio/ptra
Adler number: delta,1195
Translated headword: dioptra
Vetting Status: high
Translation: A mechanical implement,[1] with which the geometers used to assess with precision the measure of battlements from a distance.
The Pisidian [writes]: "you will see these things in advance with your dioptra".[2]
Greek Original:*dio/ptra: mhxaniko\n texnou/rghma, di' ou(= oi( gewme/trai a)phkri/boun th\n tw=n e)pa/lcewn e)k diasth/matos a)name/trhsin. *pisi/dhs: tau=ta pro\ pollou= th=| dio/ptra| sou ble/peis.
Notes:
Likewise in ps.-
Zonaras.
[1] See already under
delta 1192; LSJ entry at web address 1.
[2] George of
Pisidia,
Heraclias 3 fr.8.
Reference:
M.J.T. Lewis, Surveying Instruments of Greece and Rome, Cambridge-New York, Cambridge University Press, 2001
Associated internet address:
Web address 1
Keywords: definition; dialects, grammar, and etymology; mathematics; military affairs; poetry; science and technology
Translated by: Antonella Ippolito on 11 January 2005@14:50:29.
Vetted by:
You might also want to look for mathematics in
other resources.
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