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Headword:
*)abraa/m
Adler number: alpha,69
Translated headword: Abraham
Vetting Status: high
Translation: The first among patriarchs; [it was he] in whom the Hebrew people took pride at first, before they rebelled against God, became estranged from Him, and shed upon themselves the blood of His Only-Begotten Son.[1] This man came out of the land of the Chaldeans, who devoted their entire lives to the stars and heavenly bodies. Trained, therefore, as was their ancestral custom, to observe the motions of the heavenly bodies[2] he surmised that the masterwork underlying this visible creation was not to be found in such objects, but had a Creator who set them in motion, gave harmony to their paths, and ordered the entire universe. Because of the greatness and beauty of the things He had made, Abraham, as it was likely, ceased devoting himself to gazing out into the heavens nor did he squander his passion in their pursuit. Instead, by surmounting the celestial vaults and transcending all the intelligible realm beyond the cosmos, Abraham no longer stood apart from the One sought, until finally the Creator for whom he yearned manifested Himself to Abraham in likenesses[3] and forms. And in this way the Unseen and Invisible revealed Himself. And [God] sent him forth from his own land as a wanderer and settled him in the land of the Canaanites. There he dwelled, now being in about his ninety-ninth year.[4] Until this time, he was childless; then [God] made him the father of the miraculous and blessed Isaac that he might have a first-born, only-begotten son[5] -- prefiguring the mystical image of the First-Born, Only-Begotten Son.[6] This was an exceedingly singular[7] honor bestowed upon Abraham, for the Creator favored him with the titles Servant, Beloved, and Father by flesh of the Only Begotten Son of Him who fashioned the entire universe.[8] Abraham invented sacred writing and devised the language of which Hebrew children used to have a command, as they were this man's disciples and descendants. Moreover, the Greek alphabet received its impetus from this script,[9] even if Greeks amused themselves by forming the letters differently. Proof of this is in the pronunciation of the first and preeminent letter "alpha" because it derives its name from the Hebrew "aleph" by way of the Blessed, First, and Eternal Name.[10] So too, the Greeks through Abraham came to possess books on dream interpretation. Witness to this is Joseph, the truly wondrous descendant of Abraham, who interpreted Pharoah's dreams as they were going to turn out in fact. In this,
Philo, the Jewish philosopher, will be my confirmation via his work
Life of the Statesman.[11] About
Philo it is said "
Philo platonizes and
Plato philonizes."[12]
The practice of idolatry extended from Serug[13] to the time of Abraham's father Tharron.[14] Thus, when Abraham was 14 years old[15] and deemed worthy of divine knowledge, he upbraided his father, "Why do you lead the people astray for harmful gain (that is, with idols)? There is no other God but the One in heaven, the Creator of the entire universe." Yet seeing the people serving earthly things, he embarked on a tireless quest, seeking out with his pious heart the Truly Existing God.[16] But seeing that the sky is sometimes light and sometimes dark, he said to himself, "That is not God." Observing similarly the sun and the moon, the one obscured and eclipsed and the other waning and occluded, he said, "Those are not gods either." True, he was trained in astronomy by his father, but Abraham all the same was puzzled by the motions of the stars and scornful of them. But God appeared to him and said, "Go out of your land and leave your kinsmen."[17] Abraham took his father's idols, smashing some and incinerating others. Then he went away with his father out of the land of the Chaldeans. And they came to Haran,[18] where his father died. He left there, obeying the Lord's word, with his wife Sarah and his nephew Lot[19] and all their possessions, and came to the promised land Canaan, which the Canaanites had seized and settled in. When a famine arose, Abraham left the land of the Canaanites and went into Egypt, where Abimelech[20] the king took his wife Sarah. God struck terror into Abimelech and paralysed his limbs, saying "Give this man back his wife, because he is a prophet and will pray for you, and you will live. But if you do not give her back, know that you and your entire household will die." When Abraham got his wife back, undefiled, he prayed, and Abimelech and his household were cured of the paralysis.[21] After this the king, honoring Abraham and devoting himself to his sayings, became a pious and expert teacher to the Egyptians. The same Abraham, upon returning from war,[22] was considered worthy of blessing by Melchisedek, king of Salem, who brought bread and wine out to him. Melchisedek was a priest of the Most High, and Abraham gave to Him a tenth of all he had. Melchisedek was without father, mother, or lineage, like the Son of God.[23]
When Abram[24] lamented to God about his childlessness, God revealed to him through a dream that his descendants would be as numerous as the stars. And he believed God, and God reckoned it to him as righteousness.[25] Now Sarah, who was barren, gave Abraham permission to father a child with her maidservant, and she bore Ismael.[26] And when Abram was 99 years old, God appeared to him and altered his name to Abraham, for until then he had been called Abram. Similarly, Sarah became Sarrah with another "r".[27] And Abraham circumcised Ismael and all his descendants. Moreover, when the Lord was being shown the hospitality of Abraham's house, He promised Abraham that Sarrah would bear him a son. But Sarrah smiled; and the one who was begotten was called Isaac, by the Hebrew name that means "laughter with delight."[28]
Also [sc. attested is the adjective]
*abramiai=os: [meaning] descendant of Abraham, or towering, revered.[29]
*)abraa/m: o( prw=tos e)n patria/rxais: ei)s o(\n a)pesemnu/neto dh=mos o( tw=n *(ebrai/wn to\ pro/teron, pri\n h)\ qeou= a)poskirth=sai kai\ gene/sqai tou/tou a)llo/trioi kai\ to\ tou= monogenou=s ui(ou= au)tou= ai(=ma e)f' e(autou\s e)pispa/sasqai. ou(=tos e)k me\n th=s *xaldai/wn gh=s u(ph=rxen o(rmw/menos, tw=n peri\ ta\ mete/wra kai\ tou\s a)ste/ras to\n bi/on o(/lon katanalisko/ntwn. a)skhqei\s ou)=n kata\ to\n pa/trion no/mon ta\s tw=n e)pourani/wn a)ste/rwn kinh/seis kai\ stoxasa/menos w(s ou)k e)n tou/tois i(/statai to\ megalourgo\n th=s fainome/nhs tauthsi\ kti/sews, a)ll' e)/xei tina\ to\n dhmiourgo\n to\n kai\ kinou=nta kai\ dieuqu/nonta th\n e)narmo/nion tw=n a)ste/rwn porei/an kai\ tou= ko/smou panto\s th\n kata/stasin, kai\ dia\ tou= mege/qous kai\ th=s kallonh=s tw=n ktisma/twn to\n genesiourgo\n au)tw=n, w(s e)nh=n, qewrh/sas ou)k e)/sth me/xri tou/twn, ou)de\ th\n e)/fesin ei)s tau=ta katedapa/nhsen, a)lla\ tw=n ou)rani/wn a(yi/dwn u(perarqei\s kai\ pa=san diaba\s th\n nohth/n te kai\ u(perko/smion su/mphcin ou)k a)pe/sth tou= zhtoume/nou, e(/ws ou(= o( poqou/menos e(auto\n au)tw=| e)fane/rwse tu/pois te kai\ morfw/masin, oi(=s e(auto\n e)mfani/zei o( a)fanh\s kai\ a)o/ratos. kai\ metana/sthn au)to\n e)k th=s patri/dos labw\n e)pi\ th\n *xanani=tin kate/sthse, to\n e)nenhkosto/n pou kai\ e)/naton h)/dh xro/non pare/lkonta: kai\ a)/paida me/xri to/te tugxa/nonta gennh/tora tou= qaumasi/ou kai\ ma/karos kate/- sthsen *)isaa\k, i(/n' e)/xoi monogenh= ui(o\n kai\ prwto/tokon, tou= monogenou=s kai\ prwtoto/kou mustikh\n ei)ko/na prodiagra/fonta: tou=to ge/ras au)tw=| kat' e)cai/reton xarisa/menos, to\ dou=lon kai\ fi/lon kai\ pate/ra xrhmati/sai tou= monogenou=s ui(ou= kata\ sa/rka, tou= to\n ko/smon o(/lon dhmiourgh/santos. ou(=tos eu(=re me\n i(era\ gra/mmata kai\ glw=ssan e)mhxanh/sato, h(=s *(ebrai/wn pai=des e)n e)pisth/mh| e)tu/gxanon, w(s o)/ntes tou/tou maqhtai\ kai\ a)po/gonoi. e)k tou/tou kai\ ta\ *(ellh/nwn gra/mmata ta\s a)forma\s e)/labon, ka)\n a)/llws kai\ a)/llws e(autou\s diapai/zontes a)nagra/fwsin *(/ellhnes. kai\ tou/tou martu/rion h( tou= *)/alfa fwnh\ tou= prw/tou stoixei/ou kai\ a)/rxontos, a)po\ tou= *)/alef *(ebrai/ou labo/ntos th\n e)pi/klhsin tou= makari/ou kai\ prw/tou kai\ a)qana/tou o)no/matos. e)k tou/tou kai\ ta\ o)nei/rwn bibli/a e)sfeteri/santo *(/ellhnes. kai\ ma/rtus *)iwsh\f o( panqau/mastos o( tou/tou a)po/gonos, o( tou= *faraw\ ta\ e)nu/pnia w(s e)/mellon a)pobh/sesqai dihgou/menos. tou=to/ moi kai\ *fi/lwn, e)c *(ebrai/wn filo/sofos, e)n tw=| tou= *politikou= bi/w| sunepimarturh/setai, *fi/lwn, peri\ ou(= e)rrh/qh, *fi/lwn platwni/zei, kai\ *pla/twn filwni/zei. o(/ti h)/rcato h( ei)dwlolatrei/a a)po\ *serou\x e(/ws tw=n xro/nwn *qa/rra tou= patro\s *)abraa/m. o(\s *)abraa\m u(pa/rxwn e)tw=n id# kai\ qeognwsi/as a)ciwqei\s e)nouqe/tei to\n pate/ra au)tou=, le/gwn: ti/ plana=|s tou\s a)nqrw/pous dia\ ke/rdos e)pizh/mion [toute/sti ta\ ei)/dwla]; ou)k e)/stin a)/llos qeo\s ei) mh\ o( e)n toi=s ou)ranoi=s, o( kai\ pa/nta to\n ko/smon dhmiourgh/sas. o(rw=n ga\r tou\s a)nqrw/pous ktismatolatrou=ntas dih/rxeto diaponou/menos kai\ to\n o)/ntws o)/nta qeo\n e)kzhtw=n e)k filoqe/ou kardi/as. o(rw=n de\ to\n ou)rano\n pote\ me\n lampro\n, pote\ de\ skoteino\n, e)/legen e)n e(autw=|: ou)k e)/stin ou(=tos qeo/s. o(moi/ws kai\ to\n h(/lion kai\ th\n selh/nhn, to\n me\n a)pokrupto/menon kai\ a)maurou/menon, th\n de\ fqi/nousan kai\ a)polh/gousan, e)/fhsen: ou)d' ou(=toi/ ei)si qeoi/. kai\ me/ntoi kai\ th\n tw=n a)ste/rwn ki/nhsin, e)k tou= patro\s ga\r e)paideu/eto th\n a)stronomi/an, kai\ a)porw=n e)dusxe/rainen. w)/fqh de\ au)tw=| o( qeo\s kai\ le/gei au)tw=|: e)/celqe e)k th=s gh=s sou kai\ e)k th=s suggenei/as sou. kai\ labw\n ta\ ei)/dwla tou= patro\s kai\ ta\ me\n kla/sas ta\ de\ e)mpuri/sas a)nexw/rhse meta\ tou= patro\s e)k gh=s *xaldai/wn: kai\ e)lqo/ntos ei)s *xarra\n, e)teleu/thsen o( path\r au)tou=. kai\ e)celqw\n e)kei=qen e)n lo/gw| *kuri/ou h)=lqe su\n th=| gunaiki\ *sa/rra| kai\ tw=| a)neyiw=| *lw\t meta\ pa/shs au)tw=n th=s a)poskeuh=s ei)s th\n o)feilome/nhn gh=n *xanaa\n, h(\n oi( *xananai=oi turannikw=s a)felo/menoi w)/|khsan. limou= de\ genome/nou katalipw\n th\n *xananai/wn gh=n ei)s *ai)/gupton a)ph/|ei, ou(= th\n gunai=ka *sa/rran *)abime/lex h(/rpasen o( basileu/s. tou=ton o( qeo\s e)kdeimatw/sas kai\ pa/resin tw=n melw=n e)pa/cas, a)po/dos, e)/fh, th\n gunai=ka tw=| a)nqrw/pw|, o(/ti profh/ths e)sti\ kai\ proseu/cetai peri\ sou= kai\ zh/seis. ei) de\ mh\ a)podw=|s, gnw=qi o(/ti a)poqanh=| su\ kai\ ta\ sa\ pa/nta. kai\ ou(/tws a)polabw\n th\n gunai=ka a)mi/anton kai\ proseuca/menos i)aqh=nai e)poi/hse th=s pare/sews *)abime/lex kai\ to\n oi)=kon au)tou=. e)/ktote timw=n au)to\n o( basileu\s kai\ prose/xwn toi=s u(p' au)tou= legome/nois, dida/skalos eu)sebei/as kai\ polupeiri/as *ai)gupti/ois e)ge/neto. o( au)to\s *)/abram u(postre/fwn e)k tou= pole/mou th=s eu)logi/as tou= *melxisede\k kathci/wtai, tou= basile/ws *salh\m, o(\s e)ch/negken au)tw=| a)/rtous kai\ oi)=non. h)=n de\ kai\ i(ereu\s tou= *(uyi/stou. kai\ e)/dwken au)tw=| *)/abram deka/thn a)po\ pa/ntwn. h)=n de\ o( *melxisede\k a)pa/twr, a)mh/twr, a)genealo/ghtos, a)fwmoiwme/nos tw=| ui(w=| tou= qeou=. tw=| de\ *)/abram a)tekni/an o)lofurome/nw| kaq' u(/pnous e)pidei/cas o( qeo\s tou\s a)ste/ras kata\ to\ plh=qos au)tw=n e)/sesqai/ oi( to\ spe/rma proedh/lou. o( de\ e)pi/steuse tw=| qew=|, kai\ e)logi/sqh au)tw=| ei)s dikaiosu/nhn. h( de\ *sa/rra stei=ra ou)=sa sunexw/rhsen *)/abram a)po\ th=s paidi/skhs paidopoih/sasqai: kai\ i)/sxei to\n *)ismah/l. e)nenh/konta de\ kai\ e)nne/a e)tw=n o)/nti tw=| *)/abram e)pifanei\s o( qeo\s *)abraa\m metwno/masen: *)/abram ga\r prw/hn w)noma/zeto: o(moi/ws kai\ th\n *sa/ran *sa/rran, prosqei\s kai\ e(/teron r. kai\ perie/teme to\n *)ismah\l kai\ pa/ntas tou\s e)c au)tou=. *ku/rios de\ tw=| *)abraa\m e)picenwqei\s e)phggei/lato te/cesqai *sa/rran au)tw=| pai=da. h( de\ e)meidi/ase, kai\ *)isaa\k to\ gennhqe\n proshgoreu/qh, ferwnu/mws tw=| meq' h(donh=s ge/lwti kata\ th\n *(ebrai/+da dia/lekton. kai\ *)abramiai=os: o( a)po/gonos *)abraa\m, h)\ gigantiai=os, i(eropreph/s.
Notes:
This long entry is derived in part directly from George the Monk, in part indirectly from
Philo of Alexandria; see further in the notes below.
[1] cf.
Matthew 27:25 (web address 1).
[2] The Suda's attention to Chaldean astrology derives from
Philo,
On Abraham, (Colson,
Philo Vol VI: XV.69-70).
[3] Use of
tu/pos here is twofold: 1) To assert that God's appearance to Abraham was indirect (echoing
Philo,
On Abraham, XVII.79-80); 2) To impart, as if a corollary of
tu/pos in Romans 5:14, that God's manifestation to Abraham was a type or prefiguration of Christ.
[4] Abraham is 100 years old at Isaac's birth (
Genesis 21:5); however, the Suda follows
Josephus,
Antiquities of the Jews 1.191-93 (web address 2 below) in assuming Abraham's age as 99 at the time of God's promise.
[5] The Suda here omits Ishmael, born to Abraham by the Egyptian slave Hagar when he was 86 years old (
Genesis 16:1-16). The Suda's omission tacitly acknowledges a covenantal and legal distinction clearly drawn in Genesis. In Isaac, God establishes an "everlasting covenant" for his progeny, whereas God blesses Ishmael and makes him "fruitful and exceedingly numerous" (
Genesis 17:19-20). Isaac's filial status is made explicit by God in identifying him as Abraham's "only son" (
Genesis 22:12) through whom "offspring shall be named" for Abraham, whereas Ishmael, although destined to father a nation, is identified by God as "the son of the slave woman" (
Genesis 21:12-13). Ishmael is, however, mentioned later in the entry.
[6] Christological imagery links Isaac to the personage of Jesus (
Matthew 1:1-2 at web address 3 below). See also
delta 94, notes 1 and 14.
[7] The Suda underscores the magnitude of the honor with a hyperbolic
kat' before
e)cai/reton.
[8] The statement, rooted in a paternalistic-filial model that originates in Abraham and culminates in the figure of Christ, approximates the transcendental premise: Abraham is to Joseph as Isaac is to Christ.
[9] The Suda confuses Mosaic and Abrahamic lore. The 2nd century BCE Jewish writer Eupolemus claimed for
Moses the invention and propagation of writing: "
Moses was the first wise man, the first who imparted the alphabet to the Jews; the Phoenicians received it from the Jews, and the Greeks from the Phoenicians." The 2nd century BCE Egyptian Jewish writer Artapanus attributed hieroglyphics to
Moses. According to the 2nd century BCE Samaritan writer Ps.-Eupolemus and Artapanus, astrology and astronomy originated with Abraham, who taught these disciplines and other tools of culture to the Jews, Phoenicians, and Egyptians. They, in turn, transmitted these arts to the Greeks.
Philo in
On Abraham stresses Abraham's expertise as a teacher. (Encyc. Judaica, Vol 6.964-65; Gruen, 146-51, 157, 294; Grant, 77;
Philo, XI.52) At
sigma 295, Seth is credited with the invention of the alphabet; Greek legend named Cadmus or
Linus as the one who introduced the alphabet to Greece (
gamma 416,
kappa 21,
kappa 22,
lambda 568). See also
phi 787.
[10] The reference recalls א aleph as the initial letter of
ʾelohīm, the most frequent generic name for God in the OT, used about 2,500 times--but a distant second to the unspoken covenant name YHWH (Yahweh), which occurs some 6,800 times (Perdue, 685-86). Cf.
alpha 1445.
[11] A reference to
Philo's
*bi/os politikou= o(/per e)sti peri\ *)iwsh/f (Colson,
Philo Vol VI, 140ff.)
[12] Adapted from Jerome's
On Illustrious Men (11):
h)\ *pla/twn filwni/zei h)\ *fi/lwn platwni/zei ("Either
Plato philonizes or
Philo platonizes.") Cf.
phi 448 and
Photius,
Bibliotheca 86b 25.
[13] Abraham's grandfather (
Genesis 11:22). Seruch in the
LXX, שרוג
śerūḡ in Hebrew. See also
sigma 253.
[14] Abraham's father (
Genesis 11:24). Tharra (
*qa/rra,
*qarra/) or Tharrha (
*qa/r)r(a) (Hatch, Concordance, Appendix 1, 71; Brenton, 13); in Hebrew תרח
Teraḥ. From the
Chronicon of George the Monk, 92.11-12; cf. Malalas 55.5-6.
[15] The Midrash sets Abraham's rejection of idolatry at age 13 (Encyc. Judaica, 4.244). From here to "teacher to the Egyptians," the Suda's source is the
Chronicon of George the Monk, 93.16 - 95.17.
[16] On God as "He who is," see
omicron 438,
omega 105.
[17] cf.
Philo,
On Abraham XIV.62.
[18] The call in
Genesis 12:1-5 brings Abraham from Haran (חרן) to Canaan (כנען). The Suda adheres to
Philo,
On Abraham, XIV. 67:
metani/statai...a)po\ th=s *xaldai/wn gh=s...e)is th\n *xarrai/wn gh=n.
[19]
Philo shows
a)delfidou=s, as at
On Abraham, XXXVII.212, rather than the Suda's potentially ambiguous
a)neyio/s for nephew (see LSJ s.v. at web address 4).
[20] On Abimelech, see
alpha 45.
[21] The affliction cured in
Genesis 20:17-18 is unspecified for Abimelech, but clearly is sterility for the female members of his house.
Josephus,
Antiquities of the Jews 1.208 (web address 5) relates that a "dangerous distemper" (Whiston trans.) afflicted Abimelech. For other traditions, see EncycJudaica, 2.76.
[22]
Genesis 14:14-18; the Suda's source is the
Chronicon of George the Monk, 100.17-26; 101.5-7.
[23] See
Hebrews 7:3 (web address 6). In the Suda, see
mu 544,
mu 545,
mu 546.
[24] The Greek mainly uses Abraam (אברהם
ʾAḇraham) to this point, but here Abram (אברם), his pre-covenant name (
Genesis 17:5).
[25]
Genesis 15:5-6. The statement "and he believed God and God reckoned it to him as righteousness" appears also in
Romans 4:3 (web address 7),
Galatians 3:6 (web address 8), and
James 2:23 (web address 9). A more idiomatic and semantically precise translation of the Hebrew (והאמין בה' ויחשבה לו צדקה
weheʾemīn bah' wayyaḥšeḇeha lō ṣedaqah) reads: "And because he put his trust in the Lord, He reckoned it to his merit" (Plaut, 146). This version takes into interpretive account the imperfective waw consecutive (consequential) (Kautzsch, 111.l).
[26] Ismael (Ishmael) appears in the Suda at
iota 644, but with a gloss that belongs to Isaak.
[27]
Genesis 17:15. Also as
*sa/r)r(a or Sarrha (Brenton, 18). The Hebrew covenant name change is Sarai to Sarah (both meaning Princess).
[28] Isaac (יצחק
yiṣḥaq) from the Hebrew meaning "he (Abraham) laughed" in
Genesis 17:17, and puns Sarah's תצחק
tiṣḥaq ("she laughed") in
Genesis 18:12. (Kohlenberger, Vol 1, 37, 39; Anderson, 182) In the Suda, see
iota 606 (mostly taken from this entry).
[29] This adjectival derivative of Abraham's name appears in
4 Maccabees 9:21
LXX. The gloss replicates, apart from word order, one in
Photius; cf.
Synagoge alpha17,
Hesychius alpha181.
Anderson, A.W. Understanding the Old Testament. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1966
Attridge, H.W. "The Letter to the Hebrews" in The HarperCollins Study Bible (NRSV). New York: HarperCollins, 1993
Brenton, L.C.L. The Septuagint with Apocrypha. Peabody: Henrickson, 1999 (reprint of 1851 edn.)
Colson F.H., Philo (Vol VI), Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge: Harvard University, 1994
Encyclopaedia Judaica. Jerusalem: Encyclopaedia Judaica, 1973
Grant, M. From Alexander to Cleopatra: The Hellenistic World. New York: Charles Scribners' Sons, 1982
Gruen, E.S. Heritage and Hellenism: The Reinvention of Jewish Tradition. Berkeley: University of California, 1998
Hatch, E., Redpath, H.A., and Muraoka, T. A Concordance to the Septuagint. Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1998
Kautzsch, E. Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar. Oxford: Clarendon, 1910
Keck, L.E. "The Letter of Paul to the Romans" in The HarperCollins Study Bible (NRSV). New York: HarperCollins, 1993
Kohlenberger, J.R. The Interlinear NIV Hebrew-English Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1987
Perdue, L.G. "Names of God in the Old Testament" in Harper's Bible Dictionary. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1985
Plaut, W.G. The Torah: Genesis, A Modern Commentary. New York: Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 1972
Smyth, H.W. Greek Grammar. Cambridge: Harvard University, 1984
Whiston, W. The Works of Josephus. Peabody: Hendrickson, 1987 (reprint of 1736 edn.)
Associated internet addresses:
Web address 1,
Web address 2,
Web address 3,
Web address 4,
Web address 5,
Web address 6,
Web address 7,
Web address 8,
Web address 9
Keywords: aetiology; biography; children; Christianity; chronology; definition; dialects, grammar, and etymology; dreams; food; gender and sexuality; geography; historiography; history; law; medicine; religion; science and technology; women
Translated by: Anne Mahoney on 20 August 1998@17:54:17.
Vetted by:
Headword:
*)agkw/n
Adler number: alpha,249
Translated headword: elbow
Vetting Status: high
Translation: "In the royal palace of Gelimer was a building full of darkness, which the Carthaginians used to call [the] Elbow; therein were thrown all toward whom the tyrant was ill-disposed. There, in the time of Belisarius, happened to be confined many traders from the east about to be destroyed by the tyrant at that time, whom the guard of the prison released."[1]
"And he placed the siege-engines in the way that seemed most timely, and he hit both the wall-angles [
angkones] and the trenches from both sides."[2]
Also [sc. attested is]
a)gkw=nes, a certain part of the house.[3]
Another meaning of
a)gkw=nes is everything that, in a dream, fixes the well-ordered aspect of life.[4]
*)agkw=nes [are] also the prominences of rivers, the ones at the banks.
"It was not possible to sail through to the stream ahead because of the size of the descending prominences which it was necessary for those dragging the ships to bend round."[5]
Also [sc. attested is]
a)gkw=nes, [in the sense of] the heights of the mountains. "Some of you seek out the [western] heights, and some the eastern, going toward the evil exit of the man."[6]
And [there is] a proverbial expression: wiping one's nose with the elbow.[7]
Bion the philosopher said: "my father was a freed slave, wiping his nose with his elbow;" it indicated clearly the saltfish-importer.[8]
See another proverbial expression, 'sweet bend' [in a river, etc.].[9]
*)agkw/n: e)n th=| basilikh=| au)lh=| tou= *geli/meros oi)/khma h)=n sko/tous a)na/plewn, o(\ dh\ *)agkw=na e)ka/loun oi( *karxhdo/nioi: e)/nqa e)neba/llonto a(/pantes oi(=s a)\n xalepai/noi o( tu/rannos. e)ntau=qa e)pi\ *belisari/ou polloi\ kaqeirgme/noi e)tu/gxanon tw=n e(w/|wn e)mpo/rwn, ou(\s me/llontas kat' e)kei=no kairou= a)nairei=sqai u(po\ tou= tura/nnou o( fu/lac tou= desmwthri/ou a)pe/luse. kai\ dieti/qei ta\s mhxana\s h(=| ma/lista e)do/kei kai/rion, a)gkw=nas te kai\ ta/frous e)ba/leto e(kate/rwqen. kai\ *)agkw=nes, me/ros ti th=s oi)ki/as. a)gkw=nes de\ kai\ pa/nta ta\ prosphsso/mena kat' o)/nar to\ ko/smion tou= bi/ou shmai/nei. *)agkw=nes kai\ ai( tw=n potamw=n e)coxai\, ai( para\ tai=s o)/xqais. ou) dunato\n h)=n pro\s a)nti/on to\n r(ou=n a)naplei=n dia\ to\ me/geqos tw=n prospipto/ntwn a)gkw/nwn, ou(\s e)/dei ka/mptein pare/lkontas ta\s nau=s. kai\ *)agkw=nas, ta\s a)/kras tw=n o)rw=n. oi( de\ spei/rousin a)gkw=nas, oi( d' a)nthli/ous zhtei=t' i)o/ntes t' a)ndro\s e)/codon kakh/n. kai\ paroimi/a: tw=| a)gkw=ni a)pomusso/menos. *bi/wn fhsi\n o( filo/sofos: e)mou= o( path\r me\n h)=n a)peleu/qeros, tw=| a)gkw=ni a)pomusso/menos: diedh/lou de\ to\n tarixe/mporon. zh/tei kai\ a)/llhn paroimi/an, to\ gluku\s a)gkw/n.
Notes:
[1] An abridgement of
Procopius,
History of the Wars of Justinian 3.20.4-7.
[2] From an unidentifiable military narrative. (For the headword in this sense see LSJ s.v., II.)
[3] For this gloss, cf.
iota 552.
[4]
Artemidorus 1.74; cf.
omicron 349.
[5] Quotation unidentifiable.
[6]
Sophocles,
Ajax 805-6 (web address 1); the first adjective is garbled here.
[7] cf.
Mantissa Proverbiorum 3.31 and the quotation which follows here.
[8]
Diogenes Laertius 4.46.
[9]
gamma 316.
Web address 1
Keywords: architecture; biography; chronology; daily life; dreams; economics; ethics; food; geography; historiography; history; imagery; military affairs; philosophy; proverbs; science and technology; trade and manufacture; tragedy
Translated by: Nathan Greenberg ✝ on 24 November 1998@13:57:02.
Vetted by:David Whitehead (supplied headword; added notes; augmented keywords; cosmetics) on 29 April 2002@04:02:29.
David Whitehead (another keyword) on 9 October 2005@08:29:24.
David Whitehead (another keyword) on 20 November 2005@10:40:36.
David Whitehead (more keywords; tweaks and cosmetics) on 20 February 2011@08:38:56.
Catharine Roth (tweaks and cosmetics) on 21 February 2011@01:08:42.
David Whitehead (more keywords; tweaks and cosmetics) on 4 January 2012@05:46:10.
Catharine Roth (coding) on 30 December 2014@00:14:19.
Headword:
*)akmh\
kalei=
Adler number: alpha,905
Translated headword: a moment is calling
Vetting Status: high
Translation: [Meaning] an opportunity is calling.[1]
So
Aelian said [this] about urgency: "At the instant of his pain and suffering, he did not know the road that would take him there [sc. to the god]. If he was commanded in a dream to sacrifice to someone, he still was contemptuous of these things and ignorant of them and materialistic."[2]
"At the instant of the evil came some memory of the Samothracians: for that is where the two were initiates."[3] Instead of
u(ph=rxon in the dual.
And elsewhere: "I lost the use of my eyes in many tears for a moment."[4] And elsewhere
Aelian [writes]: "and our very power is balanced on a razor's edge."[5]
*)akmh\ kalei=: kairo\s kalei=. e)pi\ ou)=n th=s o)cu/thtos *ai)liano/s fhsin: e)n a)kmh=| de\ w)\n th=s te o)du/nhs kai\ w(=n h)/lgei, ou)k h)/|dei th\n o(do\n th\n poreu/ousan ei)s au)tou=. ei) de/ tini kai\ qu=sai e)c e)nupni/ou e)keleu/eto, kai\ tou/twn o)li/gwros h)=n fu/sei te a)maqh\s w)\n kai\ filoxrh/matos. e)n a)kmh=| tou= kakou= mnh/mh tis ei)sh=lqe tw=n *samoqra/|kwn: kai\ ga\r ou)=n tetelesme/nw au)toi=s h)/sthn. a)nti\ tou= u(ph=rxon dui+kw=s. kai\ au)=qis: u(po\ pollw=n dakru/wn th\n a)kmh\n tw=n o)mma/twn a)fh/|rhmai. kai\ au)=qis *ai)liano/s: kai\ au)to\ to\ kra/tos e)pi\ curou= a)kmh=s h)=n.
Notes:
[1] The headword is a proverbial-sounding phrase which, beyond this opening gloss (also in
Photius and other lexica), is lost sight of in the entry which follows. It comes from
Euripides,
Hecuba 1042.
[2]
Aelian fr. 44b Domingo-Forasté, 41 Hercher (on the invalid Nikanor).
[3]
Aelian fr. 93e D-F (90 Hercher). For the Samothracian mystery-rites see
sigma 79.
[4] Quotation unidentifiable.
[5]
Aelian fr. 132 D-F (129 Hercher); cf.
epsilon 2498.
Translated by: Jennifer Benedict on 7 November 2000@16:13:49.
Vetted by:David Whitehead (modified translation; augmented notes and keywords; restorative and other cosmetics) on 4 June 2002@06:22:52.
David Whitehead (another keyword) on 16 November 2005@08:36:21.
David Whitehead (tweaked headword and tr; augmented what is now n.1, and and keywords; betacoding) on 29 March 2006@06:29:30.
David Whitehead (tweaks and cosmetics) on 26 January 2012@06:08:24.
Catharine Roth (updated links) on 6 February 2012@01:30:42.
David Whitehead on 13 May 2015@03:01:20.
Headword:
*)allhgori/a
Adler number: alpha,1170
Translated headword: allegory
Vetting Status: high
Translation: [Meaning] a metaphor.
The word saying one thing and the thought another.
Also [sc. attested is the phrase] 'allegorical dreams', [meaning] those which say some things through others; whereas [dreams] to be taken literally [are] are those which seem like they look.[1]
Greek Original:*)allhgori/a: h( metafora/. a)/llo le/gon to\ gra/mma kai\ a)/llo to\ no/hma. kai\ *)allhgorikoi\ o)/neiroi, oi( a)/lla di' a)/llwn a)goreu/ontes: qewrhmatikoi\ de/, oi( th=| e(autw=n qe/a| proseoiko/tes.
Notes:
The first part of this entry has parallels in other lexica; references at
Photius pi994 Theodoridis.
[1] This basic distinction between two types of dream, the
a)llhgorikoi/ and the
qewrhmatikoi/, is found in
Artemidorus 1.2.
Translated by: Jennifer Benedict on 19 April 2000@08:58:43.
Vetted by:
Headword:
*)alkibia/dhs
Adler number: alpha,1280
Translated headword: Alcibiades, Alkibiades
Vetting Status: high
Translation: The son of Kleinias and of Perikles' sister.[1] An Athenian, a philosopher[2] and a politician. A pupil first of Sophilos, then of Sokrates, whose lover he was too, as some say. Some also record that he was born of slaves.[3]
This man served as a general of the Athenians;[4] and pained because of being expelled from his generalship on account of the mutilation of the herms[5] he went over to the Persian Tis(s)aphernes[6] and became responsible for a war against the Athenians -- [but] he came to be on good terms with them again. When Lysander,[7] with whom he was spending time, was about to capture him, while he was in the country of
Phrygia with a mistress he saw a dream of this sort: he seemed, wearing the clothes of his mistress, to burn separately from his head.[8] The spearmen standing nearby set the tent on fire, and Alkibiades went out and, having been hunted down, was attacked and wounded. They cut off his head and brought it to Pharnabazos.[9]
This man, having been victorious at the Olympic games, gave a banquet for the entire festival.[10]
*)alkibia/dhs: ui(o\s *kleini/ou kai\ th=s a)delfh=s *perikle/ous, *)aqhnai=os, filo/sofos kai\ r(h/twr. maqhth\s prw=ton *sofi/lou, ei)=ta *swkra/tous, ou(= kai\ e)rw/menos, w(/s tines. kai\ e)k dou/lwn de\ texqe/nta tines i(storh/kasin. ou(=tos e)strath/ghsen *)aqhnai/wn, kai\ luphqei\s dia\ to\ e)kpesei=n au)to\n th=s strathgi/as th=s tw=n *(ermw=n a)pokoph=s e(/neka kai\ a)posta\s pro\s *tisafe/rnhn to\n *pe/rshn kai\ pole/mou ai)/tios geno/menos *)aqhnai/ois pa/lin au)toi=s eu)/nous e)ge/neto. me/llontos de\ *lusa/ndrou au)to\n a)nairei=n, par' w(=| die/triben, ei)s kw/mhn th=s *frugi/as e(tai/ra| sunw\n o)/nar h)=n teqeame/nos toio/nde: e)do/kei th\n e)sqh=ta th=s e(tai/ras e)/xwn kai/esqai di/xa th=s kefalh=s. oi( dorufo/roi de\ e)pista/ntes u(fh=yan th\n skhnh/n, o( de\ e)celqw\n bi/a| titrw/sketai diwxqei/s. oi( de\ th\n kefalh\n a)felo/ntes au)tou= *farnaba/zw| komi/zousin. ou(=tos *)olu/mpia nikh/sas th\n panh/gurin a(/pasan ei(sti/asen.
Notes:
451/0-404/3. See generally P.J.
Rhodes in OCD(4) s.v. (pp.52-3). The present entry is attributed by Adler to the biographies of notable individuals by
Hesychius of Miletus (C6 CE); and specifically, the section beginning 'This man served as general ...' is regarded as perhaps coming from the same source as
alpha 453, etc.
[1] Deinomache. For Perikles see generally
pi 1179 etc. (For Kleinias see
kappa 1751.)
[2] An odd characterisation, despite his association with Sokrates (
sigma 829), about to be mentioned.
[3] Factually nonsense, of course. Political abuse, if correctly located here; but Adler (addenda) notes Bernhardy's suggestion that it belongs with
alpha 1289 (q.v.).
[4] For his career in office see Develin (1989), Index I no. 84.
[5] cf. generally
epsilon 3047.
[6] A Persian satrap (provincial governor): see
tau 661.
[7]
lambda 852.
[8] For Alkibiades' end cf.
Plutarch,
Alcibiades 38-39. The Suda's version of this dream is an abbreviated version of what we are told in Plut. Alc. 39:
e)do/kei perikei=sqai me\n au)to\s th\n e)sqh=ta th=s e(tai/ras, e)kei/nhn de\ th\n kefalh\n e)n tai=s a)gka/lais e)/xousan au)tou= kosmei=n to\ pro/swpon w(/sper gunaiko\s u(pogra/fousan kai\ yimuqiou=san. e(/teroi de/ fasin i)dei=n th\n kefalh\n a)pote/mnontas au)tou= tou\s peri\ to\n *magai=on e)n toi=s u(/pnois kai\ to\ sw=ma kaio/menon. "It seemed that he was wearing the clothes of his mistress, but she held his head in her arms and adorned his face like a woman's, outlining [his eyes] and making up [his face] with white lead. Others say that in his sleep he saw Magaeus' followers cutting off his head and his body burning."
[9] Another Persian satrap.
[10] In the four-horse chariot-race of the 416 games, as
Thucydides and others describe.
J.K. Davies, Athenian Propertied Families 600-300 BC (Oxford 1971) s.v.
Robert Develin, Athenian Officials 684-321 BC (Cambridge 1989) s.v.
Keywords: athletics; biography; dreams; food; gender and sexuality; geography; history; military affairs; philosophy; politics; religion; rhetoric; women
Translated by: Debra Hamel on 12 August 1999@19:50:51.
Vetted by:
Headword:
*)alw/phc
to\n
bou=n
e)lau/nei
Adler number: alpha,1392
Translated headword: a fox drives the ox
Vetting Status: high
Translation: The proverb is applied to things which do not happen in accordance with reason.[1]
"When associating with a fox, expect foxiness."[2]
Greek Original:*)alw/phc to\n bou=n e)lau/nei: ta/ttetai h( paroimi/a e)pi\ tw=n mh\ kata\ lo/gon a)pobaino/ntwn. kerdoi= sunw/n te kerdosu/nhn me\n prosdo/ka.
Notes:
[1] So too in
Photius,
Lexicon alpha1089 Theodoridis, and cf.
Diogenianus 1.75; Tosi (cited under
alpha 378) no.1886.
[2] A line of iambic verse, apparently oracular. (Adler cites
Astrampsychus, ed. Opsopoeus in
Oraculis metricis Iovis, Paris 1507.) For the vocabulary cf.
kappa 1390 and LSJ s.v.
kerdw/.
Translated by: Jennifer Benedict on 1 June 2000@12:23:05.
Vetted by:
Headword:
*)amenhno/s
Adler number: alpha,1551
Translated headword: insubstantial
Vetting Status: high
Translation: [Meaning] weak.[1]
Homer [writes]: "of insubstantial dreams."[2]
And smoke [sc. is called] insubstantial.
And [there is] a saying: "I believed it was a lot of smoke."[3] In reference to things which are worthless and good-for-nothing.[4]
*)amenhno/s: a)sqenh/s. *(/omhros: a)menhnw=n o)nei/rwn. kai\ o( kapno\s a)menhno/s. kai\ paroimi/a: *kapno\n ei)=nai h(gou/mhn. e)pi\ tw=n ou)daminw=n kai\ ou)deno\s a)ci/wn.
Notes:
cf. generally
alpha 1552.
[1] From the
scholia to
Homer,
Iliad 5.887, where the headword occurs (web address 1). Same or similar glossing in other lexica.
[2]
Homer,
Odyssey 19.562 (web address 2).
[3]
Aristophanes,
Clouds 330 (web address 3).
[4] See again
kappa 346.
Web address 1,
Web address 2,
Web address 3
Keywords: comedy; daily life; definition; dreams; epic; ethics; proverbs
Translated by: Jennifer Benedict on 30 July 2000@12:06:13.
Vetted by:
Headword:
*)ane/gnwsan
Adler number: alpha,2216
Translated headword: they induced
Vetting Status: high
Translation: [Meaning] they persuaded, they instructed.[1]
They incited.
Herodotus [writes]: "[Astyages] impaled the dream-interpreters who had induced him to release Cyrus."[2]
*)ane/gnwsan: a)ne/peisan, a)nedi/dacan. h)re/qisan. *(hro/dotos: tou\s o)neiropo/lous a)neskolo/pisen, oi(/ min a)ne/gnwsan metei=nai to\n *ku=ron.
Notes:
[1] The headword and the two synonyms, as transmitted, are all third-person plurals. Note, however, the corresponding ancient glosses on
Herodotus 1.87.3, where the third-person singular occurs. If the Suda's headword is correctly plural, it might be quoted from
Herodotus 4.158.1, though there are numerous other possibilities.
[2]
Herodotus 1.128.2, loosely quoted (see web address 1); again, and equally loosely, at
mu 783. The text runs, "impaled the Magi dream-interpreters who had induced him...," and refers to the reappearance of Cyrus, the heir of the Persian throne, in the Median palace, and the bad advice given by the Magi summoned to interpret Astyages' dream (120ff.).
Web address 1
Keywords: biography; definition; dialects, grammar, and etymology; dreams; historiography; history
Translated by: Jennifer Benedict on 17 June 2000@08:08:51.
Vetted by:
Headword:
*lu/sis
o)nei/rou
Adler number: alpha,2426
Translated headword: interpretation of a dream
Vetting Status: high
Translation: [It is] well-omened to be intimate with a man most dear [to you].
Greek Original:*lu/sis o)nei/rou. eu)/xrhston a)ndri\ sumplakh=nai filta/tw|.
Note:
Keywords: daily life; dreams; ethics; gender and sexuality; meter and music; poetry; religion
Translated by: Jennifer Benedict on 1 June 2001@00:43:20.
Vetted by:
Headword:
*)/anqraci
bai/nein
e)xqrikh\n
dhloi=
bla/bhn
Adler number: alpha,2522
Translated headword: to walk on charcoals shows harm coming from an enemy
Vetting Status: high
Translation: [no gloss]
Greek Original:*)/anqraci bai/nein e)xqrikh\n dhloi= bla/bhn.
Note:
Keywords: daily life; dreams; meter and music
Translated by: Jennifer Benedict on 2 July 2000@18:09:43.
Vetted by:
Headword:
*)/anqrwpos
Adler number: alpha,2533
Timeout after 20 seconds; further results omitted.