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Headword:
*)epi/xarmos
Adler number: epsilon,2766
Translated headword: Epicharmos, Epicharmus
Vetting Status: high
Translation: Son of Tityros or Cheimaros and Sikis. He came from Syracuse or from the Sican city Krastos. He was the inventor of comedy in Syracuse, together with
Phormos.[1] He produced 52 plays, or 35 according to Lykon.[2] Some recorded him as a Koan, one of those who migrated to
Sicily with Kadmos; others [call him a] Samian, others [that he came] from Megara in
Sicily.[3] He was producing plays in Syracuse six years before the Persian Wars; in
Athens [sc. at this time] Euetes and Euxenides and Mylos[4] were exhibiting [their plays].
This man [was] also the inventor of the long vowels eta and omega.[5]
Also [sc. attested in the phrase] "Epicharmian argument", [meaning that] of Epicharmos.[5]
Greek Original:*)epi/xarmos, *titu/rou h)\ *xeima/rou kai\ *siki/dos, *surakou/sios h)\ e)k po/lews *krastou= tw=n *sikanw=n: o(\s eu(=re th\n kwmw|di/an e)n *surakou/sais a(/ma *fo/rmw|. e)di/dace de\ dra/mata nb#, w(s de\ *lu/kwn fhsi\ le#. tine\s de\ au)to\n *kw=|on a)ne/grayan, tw=n meta\ *ka/dmou ei)s *sikeli/an metoikhsa/ntwn, a)/lloi *sa/mion, a)/lloi *mega/rwn tw=n e)n *sikeli/a|. h)=n de\ pro\ tw=n *persikw=n e)/th e(/c, dida/skwn e)n *surakou/sais: e)n de\ *)aqh/nais *eu)e/ths kai\ *eu)ceni/dhs kai\ *mu/los e)pedei/knunto. ou(=tos eu(reth\s kai\ tw=n makrw=n stoixei/wn h kai\ w. kai\ *)epixa/rmeios lo/gos, tou= *)epixa/rmou.
Notes:
C5 BCE. See generally OCD(3) s.v. (by K.J. Dover) bibliographically updated in OCD(4). This Suda entry =
Epicharmus testimonium #1 Kassel-Austin.
[1] See
phi 609.
[2] Or Lykophron (Kaibel). But see Lyco 14 White.
[3] According to
Diogenes Laertius 8.78, Epicharmos himself recorded that he arrived in Sicilian Megara from
Kos when only three months old, and went from there to Syracuse.
[4] Little-known names, though for Myllos (sic) see Kassel-Austin, PCG 7.28.
[5] Not a plausible thing to claim about a writer whose dialect was Sicilian Doric! Other versions have him inventing two of the consonants (theta and chi, pi and psi).
[6] Probably the so-called
auxanomenos logos. To quote Pickard-Cambridge (below) 250-251, '
Epicharmus, we are told, used, and in fact invented, the
auxanomenos logos.- the "fallacy of the sorites" of later logicians, so called from the use of a heap of corn (
soros) as the favourite illustration of it. (How many grains of corn must be taken away before a heap of corn will cease to be a heap? What if that number less one be taken away? And so on -- cf.
omicron 973.)
Epicharmus applied it to personality. How much change will make a man a different person? And he appears to have argued that a debtor who borrowed money yesterday does not owe it today, since he is already a different man from the borrower; and that the man whom you invited yesterday to dinner may be turned away when he arrives today, "for he is another".'
References:
L. Berk, Epicharmus. Groningen: J.B. Wolters, 1964
A.W. Pickard-Cambridge, Dithyramb, Tragedy and Comedy, 2nd ed. Rev. T.B.L. Webster. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1962, pp. 230-290
Keywords: biography; chronology; comedy; dialects, grammar, and etymology; geography; philosophy; poetry
Translated by: Tony Natoli on 30 March 2000@18:01:10.
Vetted by:David Whitehead (completed translation; augmented bibliography; cosmetics) on 26 March 2001@08:41:16.
David Whitehead (added note; restorative and other cosmetics) on 20 December 2002@04:56:29.
David Whitehead (another note, another keyword; cosmetics) on 13 February 2008@09:06:28.
David Whitehead (another note) on 13 February 2008@10:22:07.
David Mirhady (updated ref) on 2 September 2008@19:13:49.
David Whitehead (another keyword; cosmetics) on 22 October 2012@08:34:31.
David Whitehead (expanded primary note) on 21 December 2014@10:11:44.
David Whitehead (expanded n.4) on 24 December 2014@08:45:39.
Catharine Roth (cross-reference) on 6 March 2021@16:59:21.
Headword:
*formo/s
Adler number: phi,608
Translated headword: phormos, mat, basket
Vetting Status: high
Translation: [Meaning a] screen; or a container woven out of bark, in which dried figs were customarily carried.[1]
Also [sc. attested is the related verb]
formokoitw= ["I mat-sleep"], [meaning] I sleep on a rush-mat.[2]
So a
phormos [is] a woven thing, such as a basket.
Herodotus speaks [of it].[3]
Greek Original:*formo/s: proka/lumma: h)\ plekto\n a)ggei=on e)k floiou=, e)n w(=| ei)w/qesan i)sxa/des komi/zesqai. kai\ *formokoitw=, e)n yiaqi/w| koimw=mai. *formo\s ou)=n ple/gma, w(s ko/finos. fhsi\n *(hro/dotos.
Notes:
[1] Same or similar material in other lexica; references at
Photius phi280 Theodoridis.
[2] This verb, also noted in other lexica, is reckoned to be attested in comedy:
Comica adespota fr. 1191 Kock, now 685 K.-A.
[3] From glosses on
Herodotus 3.98.4, where the phrase
formou= tro/pon occurs.
Keywords: botany; comedy; daily life; definition; food; historiography; trade and manufacture
Translated by: David Whitehead on 10 November 2011@07:33:12.
Vetted by:
Headword:
*fo/rmos
Adler number: phi,609
Translated headword: Phormos, Phormus
Vetting Status: high
Translation: Syracusan, writer of comedy, contemporary of
Epicharmus,[1] friendly with the Sicilian tyrant Gelon[2] and tutor to his children. He wrote 6 dramas, which are as follows:
Admetos,
Alkinous,
Alkyones,
The Sack of Troy [or]
The Horse[3],
Kepheus or
Kephalaia or
Perseus.[4] He was the first to use a full-length garment and a booth of purple skins.[5]
Athenaeus in the
Deipnosophists mentions another play also, the
Atalanta.[6]
Greek Original:*fo/rmos, *surakou/sios, kwmiko/s, su/gxronos *)epixa/rmw|, oi)kei=os de\ *ge/lwni tw=| tura/nnw| *sikeli/as kai\ trofeu\s tw=n pai/dwn au)tou=. e)/graye dra/mata z#, a(/ e)sti tau=ta, *)/admhtos, *)alki/nous, *)alkuo/nes, *)ili/ou po/rqhsis, *(/ippos, *khfeu\s h)\ *kefa/laia h)\ *perseu/s. e)xrh/sato de\ prw=tos e)ndu/mati podh/rei kai\ skhnh=| derma/twn foinikw=n. me/mnhtai de\ kai\ e(te/rou dra/matos *)aqh/naios e)n toi=s *deipnosofistai=s, *)atala/nths.
Notes:
See generally A. Koerte in RE 20.1, cols 540-541, under 'Phormis'; K.J. Dover in OCD(4) 1141, under 'Phormis (or Phormus)'; Kassel-Austin, PCG vol. I pp.174-176. The Suda's version of the name is also found in
Athenaeus (see note 6 below) and
Themistius (Or. 27.337b), who knows of him from
Aristotle (
Poetics 1449b6?). An Arcadian named Phormis of Maenalus, who fought as a general in
Sicily for Gelon and Hieron (
Pausanias 5.27.1,7), was perhaps confused with him (if not the same man).
[1]
epsilon 2766.
[2] Tyrant of
Gela 491-485 and of Syracuse 485-478.
[3]
The [sc. Trojan] Horse and
The Sack of Troy appear be alternative names for the same play. The number of his plays is thus six including the
Atalanta. See Pickard-Cambridge 289 n.2.
[4] The last three titles refer to the same play. Kepheus was the father of Andromeda, who was rescued by Perseus after he had severed the head of the
gorgon Medusa; cf.
pi 1786.
[5] The
skhnh/ was a tent or booth-like structure (later a stage building) used both as a backdrop to the stage and as a place where an actor could change and make his entrance and exit. See e.g.
Plato Laws 817C (web address 1).
[6]
Athenaeus,
Deipnosophists 14.652A [14.66 Kaibel]; plural there, in fact.
Reference:
A.W. Pickard-Cambridge, Dithyramb, Tragedy and Comedy, 2nd ed. rev. T.B.L. Webster. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1962, pp.231-232, 289
Associated internet address:
Web address 1
Keywords: biography; children; chronology; clothing; comedy; epic; geography; history; mythology; philosophy; poetry; stagecraft; tragedy
Translated by: Tony Natoli on 16 April 2001@01:40:29.
Vetted by:
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