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Search results for psi,126 in Adler number:
Headword:
Psophos
Adler number: psi,126
Translated headword: sound
Vetting Status: high
Translation: [One kind of] sound [exists] in potentiality and another in actuality; and some things are capable of producing a sound, others not. Now things able to produce a sound are solid and smooth; the sound in potentiality can be found in them when they are activating [a sound],[1] insofar as they can make a sound. For a sound in potentiality is this: the fitness of what is able to make a sound. And when things which are able to make a sound do produce a sound, that is sound in actuality.[2] And sound is an impact of air generated in this way:[3] for sound to be produced, it requires the coincidence of two hard bodies and the sudden reciprocal coincidence of smooth bodies.[4] For the air that is enclosed by these bodies, in being suddenly squeezed out, makes a sound. Neither the soft bodies (such as sponges and wool) produce a sound, nor the bodies which are hard[5] but which are gently struck little by little. For the air partially comes first, in so far as it is broken in pieces. Hence there must be a violent coincidence among the hard bodies in order that a great amount of air is cut off in the midst. And such an air, while being intercepted and suddenly thrust out, produces a sound. For the impact, in coming first, shuts off its way out and suddenly squeezes it out. But the soft bodies do not make a sound, because they are not able to thrust the enclosed air out. For, in being cut up, [the air] comes out through the pores (since soft bodies are loose-textured). The sound must, to a greater extent, come into being for the things that especially strike on smoothness, since the air, in being cut off to a greater extent, is suddenly squeezed out. But in the things that are not smooth, in the many cavities, [the air] is not cut up and it does not come out suddenly. [
Aristotle] also says other things about noise, which we have omitted. 'Capable of producing sound' is what is able to preserve one and a continuous air up to the organ of hearing.[6] And [such an organ] is co-natural with and dwells in the cavities of the ears at the actual eardrum.[7]
Psophos: hoti ho psophos ho men dunamei, ho de energeiai: kai ta men dunatai psophein, ta de ou. ta men oun dunamena psophein esti ta sterea kai leia, en hois estin ho dunamei psophos, hotan energêi, katho esti psophêtika: hê gar epitêdeiotês tou dunasthai psophein, houtos estin ho dunamei psophos. hotan de dunamena poiêi, houtos estin ho energeiai. esti de psophos plêgê aeros toiôsde ginomenê: dei gar eis to genesthai psophon duo sklêrôn sômatôn sunemptôseôs kai leiôn sômatôn athroan sunemptôsin pros allêla genesthai. en gar toutois ho enapolambanomenos aêr athroôs ekthlibomenos poiei ton psophon. oute gar ta malaka tôn sômatôn psophon poiei, hoion spongos, eria, oute ta sklêra men, êrema de kai kata mikron proskrouomena: phthanei gar kata meros hoion thruphthênai ho aêr. dio dei tês sphodras tôn sklêrôn sômatôn sunemptôseôs, hina polus ho aêr enapolêphthêi metaxu, hos enapolambanomenos kai athroôs exôthoumenos poiei ton psophon: phthanousa gar hê plêgê tên exodon autou apokleiei kai athroon ekpurênizei. ta de malaka ou psophei, dioti ouch hoia te estin exôthêsai ton aera ton enapokleiomenon: dia gar tôn porôn [mana gar esti ta malaka] katakermatistheis exeisi. dei de kai leiotêtos tois plêttousi malista, pros to pleiona genesthai ton psophon, dioti pleon enapolambanomenos ho aêr ekthlibetai athroôs. en de tois mê leiois katakermatizetai en tois koilômasi, pleiosin ousi, kai ouk athroos exeisi. legei kai hetera peri êchês, ha paraleloipamen. Psophêtikon de esti to dunamenon hena kai sunechê ton aera têrêsai mechri tês akoês. sumphuês de esti kai enkatôikodomêmenos tois koilômasi tôn ôtôn pros autêi têi mêningi.
Notes:
Almost the whole of this entry comes from John
Philoponus,
Commentary on Aristotle's de anima 419b4ff. The first and major section (as far as 'does not come out suddenly') reproduces, with some minor variations,
Philoponus 354.21-355.13; and see further below, nn. 6-7.
[1] i.e. when they can make an actual sound (
Aristotle,
de anima 419b9).
[2] Or 'actual sound'.
[3] See
Aristotle,
de anima 419b10ff.
[4] i.e. it is impossible for one body only to produce a sound (
Aristotle,
de anima 419b11). A sound can be produced if and only if there are at least two bodies that are smooth and solid. In fact, if the bodies at issue are bodies such as sponges or wool there is no sound (see what follows in this entry and
Aristotle,
de anima 419b6-7).
[5] This last clause looks like an unnecessary addition, for, as said a line before, hard bodies can produce a sound.
[6] From
Philoponus 363.35-364.1, commenting on
Aristotle,
de anima 420a3.
[7] From
Philoponus 364.11-12.
Translated by: Marcelo Boeri on 9 May 2001@17:32:26.
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