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Headword: *fo/bos
Adler number: phi,559
Translated headword: fear
Vetting Status: high
Translation:
[Meaning] flight.[1]
Also [meaning] cowardice.
Fear is an expectation of what is bad.[2] The following [affective states] are reduced to fear: terror, hesitancy, shame, consternation, commotion, anguish. Now, terror is a fear producing dread; hesitancy is fear of a future activity; shame is fear of lack of reputation; consternation is fear [coming] from an appearance of an unaccustomed fact; commotion is fear accompanied by a bustling sound; anguish is fear of an uncertain fact.[3]
The disposition to wonder is the genus of consternation, but excess [is] not; for the disposition to wonder is the genus of consternation, but an excess is a difference. For some of those who wonder [at something] wonder in excess, such as those who are in a state of panic; others [wonder at something] with measure. But to wonder in excess is to be in a state of panic.[4]
*fo/bos in Homer [means] flight.[5]
But when [the Bible] says 'the fear of the Lord is the beginning [a)rxh/] of wisdom', [this is] because he who wishes to be wise begins with watchfulness. But if this a)rxh/ is understood with reference to hegemony, 'fear of the Lord' [is] not the passive sort, that which happens through dread of punishments (for perfect love casts out fear), but watchfulness in accordance with reverence. For this fear of the Lord surpasses everything.[6]
Greek Original:
*fo/bos: fugh/. kai\ h( deili/a. *fo/bos de/ e)sti prosdoki/a kakou=. ei)s de\ to\n fo/bon a)na/getai tau=ta: dei=ma, o)/knos, ai)sxu/nh, e)/kplhcis, qo/rubos, a)gwni/a. dei=ma me\n ou)=n e)sti fo/bos de/os e)mpoiw=n, o)/knos de\ fo/bos mellou/shs e)nergei/as, ai)sxu/nh de\ fo/bos a)doci/as, e)/kplhcis de\ fo/bos e)k fantasi/as a)sunh/qous pra/gmatos, qo/rubos de\ fo/bos meta\ katepei/cews fwnh=s: a)gwni/a de\ fo/bos a)dh/lou pra/gmatos. e)/sti de\ ge/nos h( qaumasio/ths th=s e)kplh/cews, a)ll' ou)x u(perbolh/: ge/nos ga\r e)kplh/cews h( qaumasio/ths, h( de\ u(perbolh\ diafora/: tw=n ga\r qaumazo/ntwn oi( me\n kaq' u(perbolh\n qauma/zousin, w(s oi( e)kpeplhgme/noi, oi( de\ metri/ws. to\ de\ qauma/zein kaq' u(perbolh/n e)stin e)kplh/ttesqai. *fo/bos, par' *(omh/rw| h( fugh/. o(/te de\ le/gei, a)rxh\ sofi/as fo/bos kuri/ou: dio/ti o( boulo/menos sofo\s ei)=nai a)po\ eu)labei/as a)/rxetai. ei) de\ to\ a)rxh\ e)pi\ th=s h(gemoni/as paralhfqh=|, fo/bos kuri/ou ou)x o( paqhtiko/s, o( de/ei kola/sewn prosgino/menos [h( ga\r telei/a a)ga/ph e)/cw ba/llei to\n fo/bon], a)ll' h( kata\ sebasmo\n eu)la/beia: ou(=tos ga\r o( fo/bos kuri/ou pa/nta u(pere/bale.
Notes:
[1] Likewise or similarly in other lexica (references at Photius phi234 Theodoridis), and cf. the scholia to Homer, Iliad 6.97, where a version of the headword occurs. See further below, at n. 5.
[2] This is the Stoic definition of fear (based on Plato, Protagoras 358D): see Diogenes Laertius 7.112. Compare also Aristotle's definition of fo/bos: "Let fear be defined as a sort of pain or agitation derived from imagination of a future destructive or painful evil" (Rhetoric 2.51382a22-23; transl. G.A. Kennedy).
[3] These kinds of fear are Stoic distinctions and are largely taken from Diogenes Laertius 7.112-113 (and Stobaeus, Eclogae 2.57.91-92, ed. Wachsmuth).
[4] Alexander of Aphrodisias, Commentaries on Aristotle's Topica 351.7-11.
[5] From the scholia to Homer, Iliad 5.272 and 6.97; see already above, at n. 1.
[6] For the expression "the fear of the Lord" see Proverbs 1:7 and 9:10 LXX, where it is said that "the fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom"; see also Proverbs 8:13: "the fear of the Lord hates not only injustice but also insolence, pride and the ways of perverse men". For "perfect love casts out fear," see 1 John 4:18.
Keywords: daily life; definition; epic; ethics; philosophy; religion
Translated by: Marcelo Boeri on 27 July 2003@18:04:42.
Vetted by:
David Whitehead (modified translation; augmented notes and keywords; cosmetics) on 28 July 2003@05:37:42.
Catharine Roth (modified translation) on 28 July 2003@19:54:12.
Catharine Roth (fixed my typo) on 28 July 2003@19:54:57.
David Whitehead (typo) on 29 July 2003@02:53:45.
Marcelo Boeri on 20 September 2003@19:07:38.
Marcelo Boeri (Expanded note 2.) on 20 September 2003@19:09:01.
Marcelo Boeri (Expanded note 6.) on 21 May 2004@13:17:25.
Marcelo Boeri on 21 May 2004@13:58:01.
Catharine Roth (modified translation) on 21 May 2004@15:47:21.
David Whitehead (augmented n.1; another keyword) on 15 December 2013@05:06:48.
Catharine Roth (tweaks and coding) on 13 February 2014@01:32:05.
David Whitehead (coding) on 31 May 2016@05:57:13.
Catharine Roth (expanded note) on 15 March 2023@20:09:54.

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