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Headword: *)/endoca
Adler number: epsilon,1182
Translated headword: plausible things; reputable opinions
Vetting Status: high
Translation:
Aristotle maintains that a dialectical syllogism is the one that is produced through plausible things.[1] And plausible things are those through which the dialectical syllogism is produced. That is to say, things which seem so to everyone, or to the many, or to the wise people (and among the latter, either to all of them, or to the many, or to those who are especially best known or acknowledged).[2] And the most important and primary things would be those which are accepted by everyone or by most people. For to all people [it seems] that what is choiceworthy is good and that health, wealth and life are choiceworthy. In fact, those who speak otherwise do not speak because they are disposed in this way but because they are influenced by convention. And they bear witness to these sort of things due to their own choice, that is, that the good benefits and that parents ought to be honored. But to most people prudence is more choiceworthy than wealth, or the soul and god are more valuable than body. However, the wise men, such as Plato, assert that the soul is immortal, and Aristotle says that the heaven is composed of a fifth body,[3] and that happiness is produced by virtue, and that virtue is choiceworthy by itself. And since these philosophers are held in esteem according to their wisdom,[4] the already mentioned theses are plausible as well. Nevertheless, the plausible is different from the true, not because of being false (for there are some things plausible which are also true), but because of verification (or discrimination), since it is true. And such a verification for what is plausible comes from the ones who also listen to those suppositions related to the things.[5] Things plausible without qualification are those which seem to everyone or to most people, such as "health is something choiceworthy", but by definition 'plausible things' are those which follow on someone whose opinions are held in esteem, such as Plato or Aristotle or Galen. Things implausible[6] without qualification are those opposed to the plausible ones, and these would be the things said against the opinions of everyone or of the most people. By contrast, things not plausible with qualification are those which are in conflict with the opinion of some person whose opinion is held in high esteem, as it were, that "the soul is not immortal", because such an assertion is in conflict with Plato's opinion. Neither plausible nor not plausible is a problem, a thing about which these philosophers do not opine either. For instance, that the stars or the hairs of the head are uneven or even; or that about which both alternatives are equally possible, such as "something is infinite or is not infinite", "virtues are forms of knowledge" or, again, "virtues are not forms of knowledge".
Greek Original:
*)/endoca: fhsi\n *)aristote/lhs sullogismo\n dialektiko\n ei)=nai to\n di' e)ndo/cwn gino/menon. e)/ndoca de/ e)sti, di' w(=n o( dialektiko\s gi/netai sullogismo/s: toute/sti ta\ dokou=nta pa=sin h)\ toi=s plei/stois h)\ toi=s sofoi=s, kai\ tou/tois h)\ pa=sin h)\ toi=s plei/stois h)\ toi=s ma/lista gnwrimwta/tois kai\ e)ndo/cois. kai\ ei)/h a)\n kuriw/tata me\n kai\ prw=ta ta\ pa=sin h)\ toi=s plei/stois dokou=nta. pa=si me\n to\ ai(reto\n a)gaqo\n ei)=nai, to\ de\ ai(reto\n ei)=nai u(gei/an, plou=ton, zwh/n: oi( ga\r a)/llws le/gontes ou)x w(s diakei/menoi le/gousin, a)lla\ qe/sei pari/stantai. marturou=si de\ au)toi=s w(s toiou/tois dia\ th=s ai(re/sews au)tw=n. toiou=to kai\ to/, to\ a)gaqo\n w)felei=n kai\ to\ dei=n tou\s gonei=s tima=n. toi=s de\ plei/stois to\ th\n fro/nhsin plou/tou ai(retwte/ran ei)=nai h)\ to\ yuxh\n sw/matos timiwte/ran kai\ to\ qeo\n ei)=nai. oi( de\ sofoi\ w(s o( *pla/twn, o(/ti h( yuxh\ a)qa/natos, kai\ *)aristote/lhs, w(s o( ou)rano\s pe/mptou sw/matos kai\ h( eu)daimoni/a u(p' a)reth=s gi/netai, kai\ th\n a)reth\n di' au(th\n ai(reth\n ei)=nai. e)pei\ de\ ou(=toi e)/ndocoi kata\ sofi/an, e)/ndoca kai\ ta\ ei)rhme/na. diafe/rei de\ e)/ndocon tou= a)lhqou=s, ou) tw=| yeude\s ei)=nai [e)/sti ga/r tina e)/ndoca kai\ a)lhqh=], a)lla\ th=| e)pikri/sei, o(/ti e)sti\n a)lhqe/s. tw=| de\ e)ndo/cw| a)po\ tw=n a)kouo/ntwn kai\ tw=n tou/twn u(polh/yewn, a(\s e)/xousi peri\ tw=n pragma/twn. e)/ndoca a(plw=s ta\ kata\ th\n pa/ntwn do/can h)\ tw=n plei/stwn, w(s to\ th\n u(gi/eian ai(reto\n ei)=nai, w(risme/nws de\ e)/ndoca ta\ tw=|de/ tini tw=n e)ndo/cwn e(po/mena, oi(=on *pla/twni h)\ *)aristote/lei h)\ *galhnw=|: a)/doca de\ a(plw=s me\n ta\ toi=s e)ndo/cois a)ntikei/mena: tau=ta d' a)\n ei)/h ta\ para\ ta\s tw=n pa/ntwn h)\ tw=n plei/stwn do/cas lego/mena: w(risme/nws de\ a)/doca, ta\ maxo/mena tou=de tino\s e)ndo/cou th=| do/ch|, w(s fe/re ei)pei=n, to\ mh\ ei)=nai th\n yuxh\n a)qa/naton, e)pei\ ma/xetai th=| *pla/twnos do/ch|: ou)/te de\ e)/ndocon ou)/te a)/doco/n e)sti pro/blhma, peri\ ou(= ou(=toi ou)dete/rws doca/zousin, oi(=on to\ perittou\s ei)=nai tou\s a)ste/ras h)\ a)rti/ous, h)\ ta\s tri/xas th=s kefalh=s, h)\ peri\ ou(= e)p' i)/shs a)mfote/rws, oi(=on peri\ tou= a)/peiron ei)=nai kai\ mh\ ei)=nai, h)\ to\ ei)=nai e)pisth/mas ta\s a)reta\s h)\ pa/lin mh\ ei)=nai.
Notes:
After the opening sentence, this entry draws on Alexander of Aphrodisias, Commentaries on Aristotle's Topica 18.26-19.27 and 549.22-550.5.
[1] The headword endoxa (neuter plural) is hard to translate. In Aristotelian usage it means "things acknowledged or generally approved", i.e. reputable opinions; also used of people held in high esteem or repute. On reputable opinions in Aristotle, see Cooper (below) 281-291.
[2] These lines reproduce, with slight modifications, what Aristotle says in Topica 100b21-23; see also Alex.Aphr. 18.26-19.2.
[3] i.e. the aether. (The other four bodies are the four elements of the traditional Greek physics: fire, air, water and earth). See de Caelo 1.3, 270b23-25, where Aristotle gives the following etymology of the word: the name aether is given to the upermost place because it is what "runs always".
[4] The Greek word is endoxoi. The meaning seems to as follows: since these philosophers are held in high esteem, their opinions are plausible and are generally approved by people; so such opinions are "reputable".
[5] These lines reproduce, in abridged form, Alex.Aphr. 19.25-27. Alexander's text reads: "The verification (or discrimination: epikrisis) of what is plausible does not come from the things but from the ones who also listen to those suppositions related to the things".
[6] The Greek is adoxa, things lacking doxa (in the sense of "some opinion or point of view lacking reputation or approval").
Reference:
J.M. Cooper, Reason and Emotion. Essays on Ancient Moral Psychology and Ethical Theory (Princeton, New Jersey) 1999.
Keywords: biography; definition; economics; ethics; medicine; philosophy
Translated by: Marcelo Boeri on 11 October 2002@14:46:14.
Vetted by:
David Whitehead (added note and keyword; cosmetics) on 16 January 2003@06:16:00.
David Whitehead (another keyword) on 20 November 2005@09:28:45.
David Whitehead (another keyword) on 4 December 2005@09:02:57.
David Whitehead (tweaking) on 23 August 2012@05:43:01.
David Whitehead (coding and other cosmetics) on 10 January 2016@08:47:49.
Catharine Roth (tweaked translation) on 23 February 2017@01:35:16.
Catharine Roth (tweaked translation) on 24 February 2017@01:19:37.
Catharine Roth on 24 February 2017@01:20:50.

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