/* Skolt Saami, Uralic > Finno-Ugric > Finnic > Saamic > Eastern Saamic > Skolt Saami Based on Tim Feist: % Morphophonological complexity in Skolt Saami verbal inflection % (presentation) and on Tim Feist: % A Grammar of Skolt Saami (PhD thesis) % https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/uk-ac-man-scw:123128 Coded 2/2016 Raphael Finkel © Creative Commons Class 1: single stress group, stem ends in geminate cons or cons cluster. Examples: joorr-âd (revolve), kuärŋŋ-ad (climb), põssõõčč-âd (wash clothes) Class 2: stem ends in non-clustered consonants that require epenthesis Examples: mainst-ed (tell), västtl-ed (slap), näärv-ed (wait) Class 3: stem ends in -j Examples: rätkkj-ed (separate), võ'll'j-ed (jump), sedggj-ed (be dimly seen) All are in group C Class 4: stem ends in -e Examples: silte-ed (be able), kârre-ed (curse), ää've-ed (open) Group A: theme is â, vowels are high, no palatalization in infinitive Group B: theme is a, vowels are low, no palatalization in infinitive Group C: theme is e, vowels are either, palatalization in infinitive */ #hideInternal . #atom E . % insert epenthetic next letter (the theme vowel) or - d #atom U . % replace final j with u (or e if stem is palatalized) #atom N . % remove any palatalization before N #atom O . % the explicitly low form of u, as opposed to the high form of å #atom OO . % long form of O #atom B . % boundary before a suffix SUFFIX: % mostly table 23 p. 120 = "" ' % page 122 top: class 2 and 3 in potential and cond = "" ' = ' % no need for epenthetic theme vowel, but still palatalization = {present 1 sg} = a m {present 2 sg} = a k {present 3 sg} = E a {present 1 pl} = "" p {present 2 pl class1} = v e' t e d {present 2 pl} = e' p e d {present 2 pl class4} = ' p e d % page 122 {present 3 pl class1 groupB} = a {present 3 pl} = e {present 4 } = "" t {past 1 sg} = e m {past 1 sg class1 groupB} = u m {past 2 sg} = i ǩ {past 2 sg class1 groupB} = u k {past 3 sg} = i {past 3 sg class1 groupB} = a i {past 1 pl} = i m {past 1 pl class1 groupB} = a i m {past 2 pl} = i d {past 2 pl class1 groupB} = a i d {past 3 pl} = e {past 3 pl class1 groupB} = u {past 4 } = e š {past 4 class1 groupB} = u š {potential 1 sg} = ž e m {potential 2 sg} = ž i ǩ {potential 3 sg} = "" ž {potential 1 pl} = ž e p {potential 1 pl} = ž e p {potential 2 pl} = ž i d {potential 3 pl} = ž e {potential 4 } = ž e t {conditional 1 sg} = č e m {conditional 2 sg} = č i ǩ {conditional 3 sg} = č i {conditional 1 pl} = č i m {conditional 2 pl} = č i d {conditional 3 pl} = č e {conditional 4 } = č e š {imperative 1 sg} = % missing, but make it null for chart {imperative 2 sg class1} = {imperative 2 sg class2} = E "" {imperative 2 sg class3} = U {imperative 2 sg class4} = E "" {imperative 3 sg class1} = a s {imperative 3 sg} = â â ǥ ǥ a s {imperative 1 pl class1} = "" p {imperative 1 pl} = â k a p {imperative 2 pl class1} = "" d {imperative 2 pl} = e ' ǩ e d % in some class 3 and class 4 verbs: e d {imperative 2 pl class4} = ' ǩ e d % page 122 {imperative 3 pl class1} = a z {imperative 3 pl} = â k a z . GRADE: % Table 27 p. 125; only applies to class1 verbs {class1 present 1 sg} = "" {class1 present 2 sg} = "" {class1 present 3 sg} = "" {class1 present 1 pl} = "" {class1 present 2 pl} = "" {class1 present 3 pl} = "" {class1 present 4 } = "" {class1 past 1 sg} = "" {class1 past 2 sg} = "" {class1 past 3 sg} = "" {class1 past 1 pl} = "" {class1 past 2 pl} = "" {class1 past 3 pl} = "" {class1 past 4 } = "" {class1 potential} = "" {class1 conditional} = "" { imperative 1 sg} = {class1 imperative 2 sg} = "" {class1 imperative 3 sg} = "" {class1 imperative 1 pl} = "" {class1 imperative 2 pl} = "" {class1 imperative 3 pl} = "" {} = "" . HEIGHT: {class1 present 3} = ↓ {class1 past 1 sg} = ↑ {class1 past 2 sg} = ↑ {class1 past 3 pl} = ↑ {class1 groupC past +2} = ↑ % table 30 p 126 {class1 groupC potential} = ↑ % table 30 p 126 {class1 past 4} = ↑ {class1 imperative 3} = ↓ {class1 imperative 3 sg disyllabic} = % p 129 {} = . PALATALIZE: {class1 groupC present sg !4} = N % table 30 p 126 {class1 groupA present 3 pl} = ⇁ % table 29 p. 126 {class1 groupA past 1 sg} = ⇁ % table 29 p. 126 {class1 groupA past 2 sg} = ⇁ % table 29 p. 126 {class1 groupA past 3 pl} = ⇁ % table 29 p. 126 {class1 groupA past 4} = ⇁ % table 29 p. 126 {class1 groupC conditional} = N % table 30 p 126 {class1 groupC imperative 3} = N % table 30 p 126 {} = . PARTICIPLE: % suffix: table 26 p. 123. grade, palatal, height: table 36 p. 130 {action} = "" "" m {present} = "" e e i {present class1} = "" i {present class1 groupC} = "" ↑ i {past} = "" B a m {past class1 groupA} = "" â m {past class1 groupC} = "" N â m {passive} = "" u m {passive class1 groupB} = "" ↑ u m {passive class1 groupC} = "" ↑ N u m {passive class4} = "" u m m u % also some class 2 and class 3: p 123 {progressive} = "" e ' m m e n {progressive class1} = "" m e n {temporal} = "" e e n {instrumental} = "" e e ' l % Table 36 shows {abessive} = "" e ǩ â n i {abessive class1} = "" ǩ â n i . VERB: <> = GRADE PALATALIZE HEIGHT B SUFFIX {infinitive} = "" d {participle} = PARTICIPLE {theme groupA} = â {theme groupB} = a {theme groupC} = e {strong} = "" {weak} = "" . /* { lexicon Hear: % p 115 Table 20 finite forms verified % p 116 Table 21 participles BUG: PART.ABESSIVE kuulkani, I show kuulǩâni % p 127 Table 31 finite stems verified % IMP.2sg p 42 kuul verified % not to be confused with kuuleed, "to hear often". {basic} = k uu ll {weak} = k uu l {strong} = k u ll <> = VERB: . DressSelf: % p 129 Table 35 verified % PST.3SG p 295 (141a) teâvõõđi verified % PST.PART p 301 (151) teâvõõttâm verified {basic} = t e â v õõ tt {weak} = t e â v õõ đ {strong} = t e â v õ tt <> = VERB: . Revolve: % p 118 for class1 groupA % uncertain if o (high) or O (low) % no other forms to verify {basic} = j oo r r {weak} = j oo r {strong} = j o r r <> = VERB: . Climb: % p 118 for class1 groupB verified % IMP.3PL p 330 kuärŋŋaz verified {basic} = k u ä r ŋŋ {weak} = k u ä r ŋ {strong} = k u ä r ŋŋ <> = VERB: . Whistle: % p 128 Table 32 finite stems verified % INF p 332 (217) njorggad verified % PRS.3SG p 355 (253) p 371 (2.3) njorgg verified % PART.ACTIVE p 372 (2.7) njorggam verified {basic} = n j O r gg {weak} = n j OO r ǥ {strong} = % p 103-104: consonant center = cluster => two stems <> = VERB: . Leave: % INF p 233 (36) p 337 (225b) vue'lǧǧed % PRS.1SG p 127 vuâlǥam % PRS.3SG p 234 (37), p 261 (76) vuâlgg BUG: I get vuâlǧǧ % PRS.1PL p 251 (67), p 262 (77), p 268 (90) vue'lǧǧep % PRS.2PL p 40, p 320 (196) vue'lǧǧve'ted % PRS.3PL p 263 (78b), p 285 (121) vue'lǧǧe BUG: I get vuä'lǧǧe % PRS.4 p 386 (3.4) vue'ljet % PST.1SG p 49 vuõ'lǧǧem BUG: I get vui'lǧǧem % PST.2SG p 321 (201) p 328 (212d) vuõ'lǧǧiǩ BUG: I get vui'lǧǧiǩ % PST.3SG p 226 p 337 (225) vuõ'lji BUG: I get vui'lji % PST.3PL p 349 (244) p 378 (2.13) vuõ'lǧǧe BUG: I get vui'lǧǧe % PST.4 p 386 (3.3) vuõ'lǧǧeš BUG: I get vui'lǧǧeš % IMP.2SG p 307 (156) vue'lj % IMP.1PL p 329 (214) vue'lǧǧep {basic} = v uä ' l ǧǧ {weak} = v uä ' lj {strong} = v uä ' l ǧǧ <> = VERB: . Think: % Table 33 p 128 verified % IMP.2SG juu'rd p 43 p 85 verified % PRS.3SG jordd verified {basic} = j u ' r dd {weak} = j uu ' r d {strong} = j u ' r dd <> = VERB: . % class 2: mainst-ed (tell), västtl-ed (slap), näärv-ed (wait) Tell: % INF mainsted p. 118, class 2 group C % PRS.3SG maainast p 120 verified % PST.3SG mainsti p 227 (25d) p 336 (224c) verified % COND.3SG mainste'či p 122 verified % IMP.3SG mainstââǥǥas p mainstââǥǥas (215a) verified % PST.PTCP mainstam p 264 (81b) p 284 (120b) verified {basic} = m a i n s t <> = VERB: . Slap: % INF västtled p 118 Table 22 class 2 group C verified % PRS.3SG västtal p 49 verified {basic} = v ä s tt l <> = VERB: . Wait: % INF näärved p 118 Table 22 class 2 group C verified % no other forms to verify {basic} = n ää r v <> = VERB: . % class 3: rätkkj-ed (separate), võ'll'j-ed (jump), sedggj-ed (be dimly seen) Separate: % INF rätkkjed p 118 Table 22 class 3 group C verified % no other forms to verify {basic} = r ä t k k j <> = VERB: . JumpUp: % INF võ'll'jed p 118 Table 22 class 3 group C verified % IMP.2SG võ'll’je p 119 verified % PST.3SG võ'll’ji p 209 (1c) p 314 (182b) verified % PART.PROG võ'll’je'mmen verified {basic} = v õ ' ll ’j <> = VERB: . DimSeen: % INF sedggjed p 118 Table 22 class 3 group C verified % no other forms to verify {basic} = s e d g g j <> = VERB: . % class 4: silte-ed (be able), kârre-ed (curse), ää've-ed (open) BeAble: % INF silteed p 118 Table 22 class 4 group C verified % PRES.1SG siltääm p 282 (115b) p 449 (17.15) verified % PST.1SG silteem p 444 (15.7) verified % PST.3SG siltii p 233 (35c) verified % PST.3PL silttee p 423 (9.13) verified % PART.PST siltääm p 444 (15.4) verified {basic} = s i l t e <> = VERB: . Curse: % INF kârreed p 118 Table 22 class 4 group C verified % no other forms to verify {basic} = k â r r e <> = VERB: . Open: % p 122 Table 25 finite forms. Discrepancy COND.1PL ending im/ep % OK dialectal variation % INF ää'veed p 118 Table 22 class 4 group C verified % PST.3SG ää'vii p 215 (9b) verified % PART.PAST ää'vääm p 220 (14c) p 276 (105) verified {basic} = ää ' v e <> = VERB: . /* lexicon } */ #vars $vowel: a aa å åå ä ää â ââ e ee i ii o oo õ õõ u uu . % #vars $diphthongs: iõ iõ'iâ ie' eâ eä' eä uõ uõ' uå ue' uä uä' . #vars $consonant: p b t tt đ đđ d dd ǩ g gg ǧ ǧǧ k ǥ m n nj ŋ ŋŋ r rr f v đ s z š ž j h ǥ c ʒ č ǯ l ll lj ’j . #vars $special: s š l r . % special for epenthesis #vars $diacritic: ' ∅ . /* { sandhi rules */ % palatalization #sandhi iâ $consonant* ⇁ => ie ' $1 . #sandhi eâ $consonant* ⇁ => iä ' $1 . #sandhi uå $consonant* ⇁ => ue ' $1 . #sandhi uâ $consonant* ⇁ => ue ' $1 . #sandhi $vowel $consonant* ⇁ => $1 ' $2 . % unpalatalization #sandhi ' $consonant* N => ' $1 N ↓ . % removing palatalization lowers height #sandhi ' lj N => l ǥ . % change in consonant quality #sandhi ie ' $consonant* N => iâ $1 . % one of many changes #sandhi iä ' $consonant* N => eâ $1 . % one of many changes #sandhi ue ' $consonant* N => uõ $1 . % one of many changes #sandhi ' $consonant* N => $1 . #sandhi N => . % height #sandhi ↓ ↓ => ↓ . % one is enough; N may have introduced another #sandhi uu $diacritic*$consonant* ↓ => OO $1 $2 . #sandhi u $diacritic*$consonant* ↓ => O $1 $2 . #sandhi oo $diacritic*$consonant* ↓ => åå $1 $2 . #sandhi o $diacritic*$consonant* ↓ => å $1 $2 . #sandhi aa $diacritic*$consonant* ↓ => ää $1 $2 . #sandhi a $diacritic*$consonant* ↓ => ä $1 $2 . #sandhi ii $diacritic*$consonant* ↓ => ee $1 $2 . #sandhi i $diacritic*$consonant* ↓ => e $1 $2 . #sandhi ee $diacritic*$consonant* ↓ => ää $1 $2 . #sandhi e $diacritic*$consonant* ↓ => ä $1 $2 . #sandhi õõ $diacritic*$consonant* ↓ => ââ $1 $2 . #sandhi õ $diacritic*$consonant* ↓ => â $1 $2 . #sandhi iõ $diacritic*$consonant* ↓ => eâ $1 $2 . #sandhi iâ $diacritic*$consonant* ↓ => eä $1 $2 . #sandhi uõ $diacritic*$consonant* ↓ => uâ $1 $2 . #sandhi uå $diacritic*$consonant* ↓ => uä $1 $2 . #sandhi ↓ => . #sandhi OO $diacritic*$consonant* ↑ => uu $1 $2 . #sandhi O $diacritic*$consonant* ↑ => u $1 $2 . #sandhi åå $diacritic*$consonant* ↑ => oo $1 $2 . #sandhi å $diacritic*$consonant* ↑ => o $1 $2 . #sandhi ää $diacritic*$consonant* ↑ => a a $1 $2 . #sandhi ä $diacritic*$consonant* ↑ => a $1 $2 . #sandhi ee $diacritic*$consonant* ↑ => i i $1 $2 . #sandhi e $diacritic*$consonant* ↑ => i $1 $2 . #sandhi ää $diacritic*$consonant* ↑ => ee $1 $2 . #sandhi ä $diacritic*$consonant* ↑ => e $1 $2 . #sandhi â â $diacritic*$consonant* ↑ => õ õ $1 $2 . #sandhi â $diacritic*$consonant* ↑ => õ $1 $2 . #sandhi eâ $diacritic*$consonant* ↑ => iõ $1 $2 . #sandhi eä $diacritic*$consonant* ↑ => iâ $1 $2 . #sandhi uâ $diacritic*$consonant* ↑ => uõ $1 $2 . #sandhi uä $diacritic*$consonant* ↑ => uå $1 $2 . #sandhi ↑ => . #sandhi O => o . #sandhi OO => oo . % boundary sandhi #sandhi e B a => ää . % p. 122 #sandhi e B i => i i . % p. 122 #sandhi e B â => â . % for Table 25 p. 122, imperatives #sandhi B => . % epenthesis #sandhi $consonant $special $consonant E $vowel => $1 $4 $2 $3 . % p 131 % maainstEa => maainast; veä'lštEa => veä'lašt #sandhi $consonant $consonant $consonant E $vowel => $1 $2 $4 $3 . % p 120 % vaaldšEa => vaaldaš #sandhi $special $consonant E $vowel => $1 $2 . % permitted consonant centre: njorgg #sandhi $consonant $consonant E $vowel => $1 $3 $2 . % p 131 % can this occur? #sandhi $vowel E $vowel => $2 d . % class 4: silteEe => silted #sandhi E $vowel => . % j rules #sandhi ' $consonant* U => ' $1 e . % võ'll’je (jump, imp.2sg) #sandhi U => u . % čouddu (come loose, imp.2sg) /* end of sandhi rules } */ #vars $tense: present past potential conditional imperative . #vars $person: 1 2 3 4 . #vars $number: sg pl . #vars $participle: action present past passive progressive temporal instrumental abessive . #show . #show <$tense :: $person :: $number> . #show .